Disease Detective Entrance Exam

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Questions and Answers

Which approach in health care has a primary role in control and prevention of disease in populations or groups of individuals?

  • Neither approach
  • Public Health Approach (correct)
  • Both approaches
  • Clinical Approach

What is the main emphasis of the clinical approach in health care?

  • Diagnosis
  • Prevention
  • Health Promotion
  • Treatment (correct)

Who is known as the 'father of field epidemiology'?

  • John Snow (correct)
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Joseph Goldberger
  • Hippocrates

Which of the following developed the smallpox vaccine using clinical trials using cowpox?

<p>Edward Jenner (C)</p>
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Which of the following statistical procedures was developed for stratified analysis of case-control studies?

<p>Mantel and Haenszel (A)</p>
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Which one of these is true about the determinants of health?

<p>Social and societal characteristics is the most important determinant of health (C)</p>
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Which one of these is NOT listed as one of the 10 most important public health problems and concerns?

<p>Mental health (D)</p>
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Which one of these is true about descriptive epidemiology?

<p>It generates hypotheses and answers the questions who, what, when, and where of the disease or infection (D)</p>
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Which one of these is true about experimental studies?

<p>The investigators control the circumstances and randomly determine who receives the test vaccine (C)</p>
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Which term refers to an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host?

<p>Vector (C)</p>
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Which term refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans?

<p>Zoonosis (D)</p>
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Which term refers to the amount of pathogen (measured in number of microorganisms) required to cause an infection in the host?

<p>Infectious dose (C)</p>
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Which one of these best describes the concept of incidence in public health surveillance?

<p>The rate of occurrence of an event; number of new cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time (C)</p>
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What is the goal of public health surveillance?

<p>To provide information that can be used for health action by public health personnel, government leaders, and the public to guide public health policy and programs (B)</p>
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What are the purposes of surveillance in public health?

<p>To assess effectiveness of programs and control measures (D)</p>
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What is the difference between passive surveillance and active surveillance?

<p>Passive surveillance relies on physicians to report cases, while active surveillance involves health agencies actively searching for cases (D)</p>
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Which of the following statements is true about sentinel surveillance?

<p>Sentinel surveillance is only conducted in selected locations. (C)</p>
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What is the main focus of syndromic surveillance?

<p>Analyzing medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks. (D)</p>
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Which type of surveillance is used when high-quality data about a particular disease is needed?

<p>Sentinel surveillance (D)</p>
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What are the limitations of sentinel surveillance?

<p>It is not effective for detecting rare diseases. (B)</p>
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Which term refers to a disease or condition that occurs infrequently and irregularly?

<p>Sporadic (D)</p>
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What is the term for the probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span?

<p>Risk (C)</p>
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What is the term for the number of cases occurring during a specific period, always dependent on the size of the population during that period?

<p>Rate (C)</p>
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Match the following health care approaches with their primary focus:

<p>Clinical Approach = Individuals Public Health Approach = Populations</p>
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Match the following health care approaches with their emphasis:

<p>Clinical Approach = Diagnosis and Treatment Public Health Approach = Prevention and Health Promotion</p>
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Match the following health care approaches with their paradigms:

<p>Clinical Approach = Human Behavior and Lifestyle, and Medical Care Public Health Approach = Interventions aimed at Environment, Medical Care</p>
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Match the following health determinants with their descriptions:

<p>Genes and biology = Influence health to a lesser extent compared to other determinants Health behaviors = Includes nutrition and physical activity Social and societal characteristics = Includes social and cultural norms that influence food choices and physical activity Access to and use of health services and medical care = Determines about 25% of our health</p>
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Match the following steps in solving health problems with their descriptions:

<p>Collect Data = Involves surveillance and determining Time/Place/Person triad Assessment = Involves inference Hypothesis testing = Determines how and why Action = Involves intervention</p>
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Match the types of epidemiology with their descriptions:

<p>Descriptive Epidemiology = Identifies the time, place, and person involved in the onset of the health-related event Analytical Epidemiology = Finds the causes of the health-related event and identifies the interventions of the health problem</p>
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Match the types of studies in epidemiology with their descriptions:

<p>Experimental Study = Investigators can control certain factors within the study from the beginning Observational Study = Epidemiologist does not control the circumstances</p>
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Match the following epidemiologists with their contributions to the field:

<p>John Snow = First studies in analytic epidemiology William Farr = Developed basic practices used today in vital statistics and disease classification Robert Koch = Formalized standards to identify organisms with infectious diseases Joseph Goldberger = Descriptive field study showing the dietary origin of pellagra</p>
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Match the following diseases with the corresponding epidemiological events:

<p>Scurvy = James Lind used a concurrently treated control group in its study Anthrax = Louis Pasteur recognized the bacterial cause and developed a vaccine Smallpox = Worldwide eradication in the 1970's Cholera = John Snow formed and tested hypothesis on its waterborne transmission</p>
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Match the following public health terms with their definitions:

<p>Determinant = Factor that contributes to the generation of a trait Epidemic = Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness or health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy Health outcome = Result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person’s life Clinical care = Prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by medical and allied health professions</p>
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Match the following public health terms with their definitions:

<p>Incidence = Rate of occurrence of new cases of disease over a specified period of time Prevalence = Number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time Surveillance = Ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data Goal of Public Health Surveillance = Provide information that can be used for health action to guide public health policy and programs</p>
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Match the following types of surveillance with their descriptions:

<p>Passive Surveillance = Diseases are reported to health care providers Active Surveillance = Health agencies contact health providers seeking reports Data Collection = Process includes reported diseases or syndromes, electronic health records, vital records, registries, and surveys Data Dissemination = Process includes distribution of information to public health practitioners, clinicians, policy makers, community organizations, and the general public</p>
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Match the terms with their definitions in the context of Public Health Surveillance Process:

<p>Data Analysis = Examination of reports either by where the case was reported or where the illnesses occurred Data Interpretation = Identifying the person, place, and time to determine how and why the health event happened Data Dissemination = Distribution of information to those who need to know Link to Action = Without action, the collected data serve no real purpose</p>
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Match the following collaboration partners with their respective fields in the context of Public Health Surveillance:

<p>911 systems = Emergency services Federal agencies = Government Hospitals = Healthcare Schools = Education</p>
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Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of infectious diseases:

<p>Agent = A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease Reservoir = A place where agents can thrive and reproduce Portal of exit = A place of exit providing a way for an agent to leave the reservoir Mode of transmission = Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another</p>
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Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of infection and disease:

<p>Susceptible host = A person who cannot resist an microorganism invading the body, multiplying and resulting in infection Fomite = A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person Zoonosis = An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans Infectious dose = The amount of pathogen (measured in number of microorganisms) required to cause an infection in the host</p>
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Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of infectious diseases and their effects:

<p>Contamination = When a potentially infectious agent exists in the host but has not yet in invaded the tissues of the host Infection = When the infectious agent begins its invasion of the host tissue and its rapid multiplication Disease = When the cumulative effects of the infection cause damage in the tissues Virulence = Refers to the proportion of persons with clinical disease who become severely ill or die</p>
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Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of infectious diseases:

<p>Vector = An animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host Pathogenicity = Refers to the proportion of infected persons who develop clinical disease Period of communicability = The period when you are infectious and can spread your germs (whether bacteria, viruses, or parasites) to an uninfected person Infectivity = Refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected</p>
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Match the following surveillance types with their definitions:

<p>Sentinel Surveillance = May not be as effective for detecting rare diseases or diseases that occur outside the catchment areas of the sentinel sites Syndromic Surveillance = Monitors data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns</p>
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Match the surveillance types with their examples:

<p>Sentinel Surveillance = A network of large hospitals might be used to collect high-quality data on various diseases and their causative organisms Syndromic Surveillance = In an influenza outbreak, this method will monitor data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, over-the-counter drug sale records, etc. to detect unusual patterns</p>
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Match the surveillance types with their characteristics:

<p>Sentinel Surveillance = Involves only a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites Syndromic Surveillance = Its use for detecting outbreaks associated with bioterrorism is increasingly being explored by public health officials</p>
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Match the surveillance types with their uses:

<p>Sentinel Surveillance = Used to monitor trends or key health indicators Syndromic Surveillance = Used to alert disease epidemiologists and public health professionals when there may be an issue</p>
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Match the following epidemiology terms with their definitions:

<p>Endemic = Disease or condition present among a population at all times Outbreak = More cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time Pandemic = An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population Sporadic = A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly</p>
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Match the following symbiotic relationships with their descriptions:

<p>Mutualism = Both organisms benefit Commensalism = One organisms benefits and the other is not harmed or helped Parasitism = One organism is helped and the other is harmed</p>
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Match the following terms related to disease progression with their descriptions:

<p>Natural History of Disease = Refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment State of Susceptibility = The process begins with the appropriate exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to begin in a susceptible host Incubation Period = Stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms Latency Period = For chronic diseases, the period after the disease process has been triggered, pathological changes then occur without the individual being aware of them</p>
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Match the following terms related to disease frequency with their definitions:

<p>Risk = The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span Rate = Number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period Ratio = Value obtained by dividing one quantity by another – often compares two rates Proportion = The comparison of a part to the whole as the number of cases divided by the total population</p>
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True or false: The clinical approach to health care focuses primarily on the prevention of disease in populations or groups of individuals.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: The public health approach to health care emphasizes the diagnosis and treatment of illness in individuals.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: The primary role of the clinical approach is in control and prevention of disease in populations or groups of individuals.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: Louis Pasteur developed the smallpox vaccine.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: The Framingham study was initiated in 1949.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: The Salk polio vaccine trial was the largest formal human experiment.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: In a descriptive study, the epidemiologist relies on comparisons between different groups to determine the role of different causative conditions or risk factors.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: An epidemic is defined as large numbers of people over a wide geographic area affected.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: A cluster refers to an aggregation of cases over a particular period, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: The latency period for chronic diseases can range from seconds to decades.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: Descriptive epidemiology is focused on finding the causes of a health-related event.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: In an experimental study, the epidemiologist does not control the circumstances.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: Analytic epidemiology is able to conduct a test for the hypothesis.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Passive surveillance is more effective than active surveillance in detecting epidemics or targeted diseases.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Data collection is the first step in the public health surveillance process.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Prevalence refers to the number of new cases of disease occurring over a specified period of time.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Surveillance data can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of public health programs and control measures.

<p>True (A)</p>
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Sentinel surveillance is a passive system for monitoring trends or key health indicators.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Syndromic surveillance focuses on physician-diagnosed or laboratory-confirmed diseases.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Sentinel surveillance is effective for detecting rare diseases or diseases that occur outside the catchment areas of the sentinel sites.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Syndromic surveillance can be used to detect outbreaks associated with bioterrorism.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: A fomite is an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

<p>False (B)</p>
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True or false: Zoonosis refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: Infectious dose refers to the amount of pathogen (measured in number of microorganisms) required to cause an infection in the host.

<p>True (A)</p>
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True or false: Virulence refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the primary focus of the clinical medicine approach to health care?

<p>Individuals</p>
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What is the primary role of the public health approach to health care?

<p>Control and prevention of disease in populations or groups of individuals</p>
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What are the notable differences between clinical medicine and public health?

<p>Clinical medicine focuses on individuals while public health focuses on populations or groups of individuals</p>
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Who is considered the 'father of modern vital statistics and surveillance'?

<p>William Farr</p>
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Which epidemiologist developed the smallpox vaccine using clinical trials using cowpox?

<p>Edward Jenner</p>
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What is the term for a factor that contributes to the generation of a trait?

<p>determinant</p>
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In what year did the US Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health establish criteria for evaluation of causality?

<p>1964</p>
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What are the four major determinants of health?

<p>Genes and biology, health behaviors, social and societal characteristics, access to and use of health services and medical care</p>
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What percentage of our health is determined by health care?

<p>25%</p>
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What factors influence our individual choices in relation to nutrition and physical activity?

<p>Social and cultural norms, environmental characteristics, sector influences</p>
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What are the 10 most important public health problems and concerns listed by the CDC?

<p>Alcohol-related harms, food safety, healthcare-associated infections, heart disease and stroke, HIV, motor vehicle injury, nutrition, physical activity and obesity, prescription drug overdose, teen pregnancy, tobacco use</p>
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What is the difference between an endemic and an outbreak?

<p>An endemic refers to a disease or condition that is present among a population at all times. An outbreak, on the other hand, refers to the occurrence of more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time.</p>
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Define the term 'epidemic'.

<p>An epidemic refers to a situation where there are large numbers of people over a wide geographic area affected by a particular disease.</p>
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What is the difference between a cluster and sporadic cases?

<p>A cluster refers to an aggregation of cases over a particular period, closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number. Sporadic cases, on the other hand, refer to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.</p>
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Explain the concept of natural history of disease.

<p>Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. It includes the stages of susceptibility, exposure, subclinical disease, onset of symptoms, diagnosis, clinical disease, recovery, disability, or death.</p>
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What are the 10 characteristics of the elements in the context of infectious diseases?

<p>vector, fomite, zoonosis, bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, parasitic worms, prions</p>
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Who are the persons more vulnerable to becoming susceptible hosts in the context of infectious diseases?

<p>the young, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems</p>
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What are the environments that bring the agent and host together in the context of infectious diseases?

<p>contaminated food, environment that allows a vector to introduce the agent into the host, air that allows an agent to be inhaled by a host, and agents spread by contact between two people</p>
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What are the three terms used to describe an infectious disease according to the various outcomes that may occur after exposure to its causative agent?

<p>infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence</p>
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What is the goal of public health surveillance?

<p>The goal of public health surveillance is to provide information that can be used for health action by public health personnel, government leaders, and the public to guide public health policy and programs.</p>
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What are the purposes of surveillance in public health?

<p>The purposes of surveillance in public health are to assess public health status, define public health priorities, evaluate programs, stimulate research.</p>
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What are the 5 steps in the public health surveillance process?

<p>The 5 steps in the public health surveillance process are data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data dissemination, and link to action.</p>
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What are the types of surveillance and their characteristics?

<p>The types of surveillance are passive surveillance and active surveillance. Passive surveillance involves diseases being reported to health care providers and is simple and inexpensive but limited by incompleteness of reporting and variability of quality. Active surveillance involves health agencies contacting health providers seeking reports and ensures more complete reporting of conditions, but is more resource-intensive.</p>
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What is sentinel surveillance and when is it used?

<p>Sentinel surveillance is the reporting of health events by selected health professionals to obtain high-quality data about a particular disease that cannot be obtained through a passive system. It can be used when monitoring trends or key health indicators, and involves only a limited network of carefully selected reporting sites.</p>
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What are the advantages and limitations of sentinel surveillance?

<p>The advantages of sentinel surveillance include the ability to signal trends, identify outbreaks, and monitor the burden of disease in a community. It provides a rapid and economical alternative to other surveillance methods. However, it may not be as effective for detecting rare diseases or diseases that occur outside the catchment areas of the sentinel sites.</p>
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What are the key data sources used in syndromic surveillance?

<p>Syndromic surveillance systems monitor data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, hospitals' over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns.</p>
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