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Questions and Answers
What are the key characteristics when forming first impressions?
What are the key characteristics when forming first impressions?
- Supplication and intimidation
- Trustworthiness/warmth and competence/dominance (correct)
- Ingratiation and exemplification
- Physical appearance and body language
What is the false consensus effect?
What is the false consensus effect?
- Strategy used to influence impressions by putting our best foot forward
- Tendency to form schemas quickly based on little information
- Tendency to remember information encountered first, influencing overall perception
- Tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people's beliefs are similar to our own (correct)
Why are first impressions not accurate according to the text?
Why are first impressions not accurate according to the text?
- They are influenced by physical appearance and body language
- They are limited by impression management strategies
- They may pick up on facial expressions influenced by fleeting emotions not representative of personality (correct)
- They are accurate in capturing trustworthiness and warmth
Which type of aggression is characterized by having a purpose?
Which type of aggression is characterized by having a purpose?
What does the mere exposure effect suggest?
What does the mere exposure effect suggest?
What does attachment theory explain about infants' emotional bonds with caretakers?
What does attachment theory explain about infants' emotional bonds with caretakers?
How is personality defined?
How is personality defined?
What did Freud's theory propose about psychological disorders?
What did Freud's theory propose about psychological disorders?
What does the self-serving bias refer to?
What does the self-serving bias refer to?
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
What is social categorization?
What is social categorization?
What does the contact hypothesis propose?
What does the contact hypothesis propose?
What is cognitive dissonance theory about?
What is cognitive dissonance theory about?
What does social influence encompass?
What does social influence encompass?
Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders?
Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders?
Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others?
Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?
Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?
Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?
What are the key components used in defining abnormality according to the text?
What are the key components used in defining abnormality according to the text?
According to Freud, which part of the personality is entirely unconscious and includes biological instinctual drives?
According to Freud, which part of the personality is entirely unconscious and includes biological instinctual drives?
During which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipus conflict occur?
During which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipus conflict occur?
What is the role of the Ego, according to Freud's theory of personality?
What is the role of the Ego, according to Freud's theory of personality?
What happens when an individual becomes too dependent upon defense mechanisms, according to Freud?
What happens when an individual becomes too dependent upon defense mechanisms, according to Freud?
What does the Superego represent in Freud's theory of personality?
What does the Superego represent in Freud's theory of personality?
What are archetypes, according to Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory?
What are archetypes, according to Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory?
According to the text, what is the prevalence of personality disorders in the general population?
According to the text, what is the prevalence of personality disorders in the general population?
Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?
Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?
What are the three neurotic personality patterns identified by Karen Horney?
What are the three neurotic personality patterns identified by Karen Horney?
Who developed the humanistic approach to personality, emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?
Who developed the humanistic approach to personality, emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
What statistical technique is commonly used by trait theorists to identify the number and kind of traits?
What statistical technique is commonly used by trait theorists to identify the number and kind of traits?
What are the characteristics of self-actualized individuals according to Maslow?
What are the characteristics of self-actualized individuals according to Maslow?
Which theory contributed to answering fundamental questions about human personality, popularizing the idea that thoughts can occur below our conscious awareness?
Which theory contributed to answering fundamental questions about human personality, popularizing the idea that thoughts can occur below our conscious awareness?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
According to the text, which personality trait refers to whether a person is cooperative, trusting, and helpful?
According to the text, which personality trait refers to whether a person is cooperative, trusting, and helpful?
Which theorist linked body types to personality traits such as jolly, extraverted, and slow?
Which theorist linked body types to personality traits such as jolly, extraverted, and slow?
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
What does the fundamental attribution error involve?
According to the text, what does social influence involve?
According to the text, what does social influence involve?
Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?
Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?
What did Maslow's self-actualization characteristics include?
What did Maslow's self-actualization characteristics include?
According to Freud, what is the area of the body where id’s pleasure-seeking is focused during a stage of psychosexual development called?
According to Freud, what is the area of the body where id’s pleasure-seeking is focused during a stage of psychosexual development called?
What did Carl Jung refer to as universal human experiences that are manifested in images and symbols of important themes in the history of humankind?
What did Carl Jung refer to as universal human experiences that are manifested in images and symbols of important themes in the history of humankind?
What does Alfred Adler's 'striving for superiority' aim to overcome?
What does Alfred Adler's 'striving for superiority' aim to overcome?
What did Freud propose was necessary for people to be cured of psychological disorders or relieve their symptoms?
What did Freud propose was necessary for people to be cured of psychological disorders or relieve their symptoms?
Which theorist developed the humanistic approach emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?
Which theorist developed the humanistic approach emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?
What did Carl Jung consider to be more mystical than scientific and unable to be empirically tested?
What did Carl Jung consider to be more mystical than scientific and unable to be empirically tested?
According to Freud's theory, what is the portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy that remains in a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration called?
According to Freud's theory, what is the portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy that remains in a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration called?
Which theorist studied lives of very healthy and creative people?
Which theorist studied lives of very healthy and creative people?
Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders?
Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders?
What is the prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in the general population?
What is the prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in the general population?
What does the biopsychosocial model propose as the cause of psychological disorders?
What does the biopsychosocial model propose as the cause of psychological disorders?
Which theorist emphasized analyzing unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships in therapy?
Which theorist emphasized analyzing unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships in therapy?
What do vulnerability-stress models propose about the development of depression?
What do vulnerability-stress models propose about the development of depression?
Which therapy focuses on approaching negative thoughts with acceptance and discourages client avoidance?
Which therapy focuses on approaching negative thoughts with acceptance and discourages client avoidance?
What is the core component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that involves identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks?
What is the core component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that involves identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks?
Which therapy is a part of CBT that helps combat depression by increasing involvement in activities, even without motivation?
Which therapy is a part of CBT that helps combat depression by increasing involvement in activities, even without motivation?
What is the process of slowly exposing oneself to an anxiety-producing situation to regulate anxiety without being traumatized?
What is the process of slowly exposing oneself to an anxiety-producing situation to regulate anxiety without being traumatized?
Which therapy emphasizes reducing the motivation for experiential avoidance and watching negative thoughts with the awareness that they are only thoughts?
Which therapy emphasizes reducing the motivation for experiential avoidance and watching negative thoughts with the awareness that they are only thoughts?
Which component of ACT involves mindful awareness of thoughts and feelings?
Which component of ACT involves mindful awareness of thoughts and feelings?
What does Cognitive Distortions refer to?
What does Cognitive Distortions refer to?
What does Behavioral Activation focus on?
What does Behavioral Activation focus on?
What is a core component of CBT that involves identifying moods and reasoning out irrational thoughts?
What is a core component of CBT that involves identifying moods and reasoning out irrational thoughts?
What is the term for discounting the good things that happened or that you have done for some reason?
What is the term for discounting the good things that happened or that you have done for some reason?
What is the term for blowing things out of proportion or inappropriately shrinking something to make it seem less important?
What is the term for blowing things out of proportion or inappropriately shrinking something to make it seem less important?
What is the term for blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault?
What is the term for blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault?
What is the term for only paying attention to certain types of evidence?
What is the term for only paying attention to certain types of evidence?
Which therapy emphasizes therapist empathy, genuineness, and positive regard without judgment, fostering self-exploration and personal growth?
Which therapy emphasizes therapist empathy, genuineness, and positive regard without judgment, fostering self-exploration and personal growth?
What is the primary focus of psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy?
What is the primary focus of psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy?
What distinguishes Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy from other therapies?
What distinguishes Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy from other therapies?
What is the primary focus of vulnerability-stress models in understanding depression?
What is the primary focus of vulnerability-stress models in understanding depression?
What are obsessions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) characterized by?
What are obsessions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) characterized by?
What characterizes the compulsions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
What characterizes the compulsions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
What is the primary characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) according to the text?
What is the primary characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) according to the text?
What is the main feature of Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) as described in the text?
What is the main feature of Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) as described in the text?
Which characteristic best describes the thoughts and behaviors associated with Dangerous as defined in the text?
Which characteristic best describes the thoughts and behaviors associated with Dangerous as defined in the text?
According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with an endomorph?
According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with an endomorph?
According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the choleric temperament?
According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the choleric temperament?
In Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of mucus?
In Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of mucus?
According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the phlegmatic temperament?
According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the phlegmatic temperament?
In Sheldon's body somatotypes, which body type is characterized by being muscular and athletic?
In Sheldon's body somatotypes, which body type is characterized by being muscular and athletic?
According to Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of feces?
According to Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of feces?
According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with a mesomorph?
According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with a mesomorph?
In Galen's fluid types, an excess of blood is associated with which temperament?
In Galen's fluid types, an excess of blood is associated with which temperament?
According to historical approaches to bodies, which bodily fluid is related to the sanguine temperament?
According to historical approaches to bodies, which bodily fluid is related to the sanguine temperament?
What personality traits are associated with an anal-retentive personality according to the text?
What personality traits are associated with an anal-retentive personality according to the text?
What is the outcome of a child's reaction to harsh toilet training according to the text?
What is the outcome of a child's reaction to harsh toilet training according to the text?
According to Alfred Adler, what is the primary drive behind 'striving for superiority'?
According to Alfred Adler, what is the primary drive behind 'striving for superiority'?
According to Karen Horney, what is the consequence of caregivers not providing a sense of security for a child's personality development?
According to Karen Horney, what is the consequence of caregivers not providing a sense of security for a child's personality development?
Which neurotic personality pattern is characterized by being detached and aloof?
Which neurotic personality pattern is characterized by being detached and aloof?
What does Rogers' Self Theory propose as necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized?
What does Rogers' Self Theory propose as necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized?
According to Rogers, what do individuals develop throughout life based on their perception of others' expectations?
According to Rogers, what do individuals develop throughout life based on their perception of others' expectations?
What is necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized according to Rogers' Self Theory?
What is necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized according to Rogers' Self Theory?
What do trait theories of personality focus on?
What do trait theories of personality focus on?
In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the focus during the phallic stage?
In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the focus during the phallic stage?
What is the primary concern of attachment theory in relation to infants?
What is the primary concern of attachment theory in relation to infants?
Which of the following is a key criterion for a personality disorder according to the DSM?
Which of the following is a key criterion for a personality disorder according to the DSM?
What is a characteristic of the onset of a personality disorder based on DSM's General Criteria?
What is a characteristic of the onset of a personality disorder based on DSM's General Criteria?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?
Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?
Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?
Which personality disorder involves pervasive suspiciousness, distrust of others, and recurrent suspicions about the fidelity of a partner/spouse?
Which personality disorder involves pervasive suspiciousness, distrust of others, and recurrent suspicions about the fidelity of a partner/spouse?
Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a sense of entitlement, and lack of empathy?
Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a sense of entitlement, and lack of empathy?
Which personality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotionality, and using physical appearance to draw attention?
Which personality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotionality, and using physical appearance to draw attention?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and loneliness?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and loneliness?
Which personality disorder involves a pervasive detachment from social relationships and a preference for solitary activities?
Which personality disorder involves a pervasive detachment from social relationships and a preference for solitary activities?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme need to be taken care of, clingy and submissive behavior, and constant helplessness?
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme need to be taken care of, clingy and submissive behavior, and constant helplessness?
Which personality disorder involves violating others' rights, aggressive and impulsive behaviors, and a lack of remorse?
Which personality disorder involves violating others' rights, aggressive and impulsive behaviors, and a lack of remorse?
Which personality disorder involves interpersonal problems, eccentric/odd behavior, strange beliefs, and unusual perceptions?
Which personality disorder involves interpersonal problems, eccentric/odd behavior, strange beliefs, and unusual perceptions?
What cognitive habits are associated with depression?
What cognitive habits are associated with depression?
What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?
What is the process of identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks called?
What is the process of identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks called?
What is the core focus of Cognitive Restructuring in CBT?
What is the core focus of Cognitive Restructuring in CBT?
What is required for a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder II?
What is required for a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder II?
What does Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) primarily focus on changing?
What does Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) primarily focus on changing?
Which strategy aims to be seen as dedicated?
Which strategy aims to be seen as dedicated?
Which strategy aims to be seen as dominant?
Which strategy aims to be seen as dominant?
Which strategy aims to be seen as likeable?
Which strategy aims to be seen as likeable?
Which impression management strategy aims to be seen as needy?
Which impression management strategy aims to be seen as needy?
What is the primary goal of exemplification as an impression management strategy?
What is the primary goal of exemplification as an impression management strategy?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology Overview
- Attribution Theory: explains how people perceive and attribute the cause of experiences and behaviors, distinguishing between internal (dispositions) and external (situations) factors.
- Self-serving bias: tendency for individuals to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
- Fundamental attribution error: the tendency to overemphasize the role of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors in explaining behavior.
- Social categorization: the natural human tendency to categorize individuals into social groups based on shared characteristics, which can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
- Racism and modern racism: the tendency to redirect prejudice towards policies that might benefit a certain racial or ethnic group.
- Contact hypothesis: the idea that spending time with members of a different group can reduce stereotypes and prejudice.
- Cognitive dissonance theory: the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs, leading to a change in attitudes or behaviors to reduce the dissonance.
- Social influence: the impact of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, including conformity, obedience, and social facilitation.
- Normative and informational social influence: two types of social influence, with the former driven by the desire to fit in and the latter by the desire to behave correctly or gain understanding.
- Milgram Studies: experiments demonstrating the extent of obedience to authority, where participants were willing to administer potentially harmful electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure.
- Robber’s Cave Study: an influential study by Sherif in 1961, demonstrating intergroup conflict and the potential for reconciliation through cooperative activities.
- Elaboration likelihood model: a theory explaining two ways individuals can be persuaded, either through deep, logical thinking or superficial cues.
Personality Disorders and Psychological Disorders
- Personality disorders are classified into three clusters: Odd/Eccentric, Dramatic/Erratic, and Anxious/Fearful.
- Cluster A personality disorders include Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders with distinct characteristics and symptoms.
- Cluster B personality disorders consist of Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders, each with unique traits and behaviors.
- Cluster C personality disorders involve Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders, each characterized by specific patterns of behavior and emotional responses.
- The definition of a psychological disorder includes deviance, distress, dysfunction, and dangerous thoughts or behaviors.
- The biopsychosocial model suggests that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological factors, psychological experiences, and the social environment.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychological disorder affecting about 2% of people, with specific symptoms like obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions.
- Vulnerability-stress models propose that individual vulnerabilities combined with stressful experiences can lead to depression.
- Depression has a genetic component, and attributions, cognitive habits, and serotonin levels contribute to its development.
- Schizophrenia involves positive psychotic symptoms (added behaviors) and negative psychotic symptoms (lost behaviors since the onset of the disorder).
- Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy focuses on analyzing unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships to identify behavior and thought patterns.
- Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and positive regard to foster self-exploration and personal growth, with the goal of increasing individual insight.
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