Psych Final

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Questions and Answers

What are the key characteristics when forming first impressions?

Supplication and intimidation

Trustworthiness/warmth and competence/dominance (correct)

Ingratiation and exemplification

Physical appearance and body language

What is the false consensus effect?

Strategy used to influence impressions by putting our best foot forward

Tendency to form schemas quickly based on little information

Tendency to remember information encountered first, influencing overall perception

Tendency to use the self as an anchor and overestimate the extent to which other people's beliefs are similar to our own (correct)

Why are first impressions not accurate according to the text?

They are influenced by physical appearance and body language

They are limited by impression management strategies

They may pick up on facial expressions influenced by fleeting emotions not representative of personality (correct)

They are accurate in capturing trustworthiness and warmth

Which type of aggression is characterized by having a purpose?

Instrumental aggression Signup and view all the answers

What does the mere exposure effect suggest?

Familiarity with a stimulus increases liking Signup and view all the answers

What does attachment theory explain about infants' emotional bonds with caretakers?

They are a survival strategy Signup and view all the answers

How is personality defined?

Stable ways of thinking, feeling, and acting across time, place, and situation Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud's theory propose about psychological disorders?

They were determined by unconscious conflicts and unresolved issues Signup and view all the answers

What does the self-serving bias refer to?

Attributing positive events to one's character and negative events to external factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental attribution error involve?

Overemphasizing personal characteristics and underestimating situational factors in explaining behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is social categorization?

The natural tendency to categorize individuals into social groups based on shared characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What does the contact hypothesis propose?

Spending time with members of a different group can reduce stereotypes and prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance theory about?

The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs, leading to a change in attitudes or behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does social influence encompass?

The impact of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, including conformity, obedience, and social facilitation Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders?

Cluster B Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others?

Paranoid PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?

Avoidant PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?

Borderline PD Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components used in defining abnormality according to the text?

Statistical infrequency, personal distress, impairment in functioning, and violation of norms Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which part of the personality is entirely unconscious and includes biological instinctual drives?

Id Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipus conflict occur?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ego, according to Freud's theory of personality?

Finding realistic and socially acceptable outlets for the id’s needs Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an individual becomes too dependent upon defense mechanisms, according to Freud?

Unhealthy personalities develop Signup and view all the answers

What does the Superego represent in Freud's theory of personality?

Morality principal Signup and view all the answers

What are archetypes, according to Carl Jung's collective unconscious theory?

Images and symbols of all the important themes in the history of humankind Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the prevalence of personality disorders in the general population?

9-15% Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?

Karen Horney Signup and view all the answers

What are the three neurotic personality patterns identified by Karen Horney?

Moving toward people, moving against people, moving away from people Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the humanistic approach to personality, emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?

Abraham Maslow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

Integrity Signup and view all the answers

What statistical technique is commonly used by trait theorists to identify the number and kind of traits?

Factor analysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of self-actualized individuals according to Maslow?

Self-awareness, self-acceptance, authenticity, capacity for intimacy, creativity, and a sense of humor Signup and view all the answers

Which theory contributed to answering fundamental questions about human personality, popularizing the idea that thoughts can occur below our conscious awareness?

Psychoanalytic theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

Independence Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which personality trait refers to whether a person is cooperative, trusting, and helpful?

Agreeableness Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist linked body types to personality traits such as jolly, extraverted, and slow?

Sheldon Signup and view all the answers

What does the fundamental attribution error involve?

Attributing one's behavior to internal dispositions rather than situational context. Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what does social influence involve?

Being influenced by the idea that other people are watching. Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized the need for security in childhood as a key factor in personality development?

Karen Horney Signup and view all the answers

What did Maslow's self-actualization characteristics include?

Peak experiences and creativity Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the area of the body where id’s pleasure-seeking is focused during a stage of psychosexual development called?

Erogenous zone Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Jung refer to as universal human experiences that are manifested in images and symbols of important themes in the history of humankind?

Archetypes Signup and view all the answers

What does Alfred Adler's 'striving for superiority' aim to overcome?

Sense of inferiority felt as infants Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud propose was necessary for people to be cured of psychological disorders or relieve their symptoms?

Talking to someone about their experience Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist developed the humanistic approach emphasizing conscious free will and personal growth?

Abraham Maslow Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Jung consider to be more mystical than scientific and unable to be empirically tested?

Collective unconscious and archetypes Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, what is the portion of the id’s pleasure-seeking energy that remains in a stage due to excessive gratification or frustration called?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist studied lives of very healthy and creative people?

Abraham Maslow Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster in the DSM Disorders includes Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders?

Cluster A Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in the general population?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial model propose as the cause of psychological disorders?

Interaction between biological factors, psychological experiences, and the social environment Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized analyzing unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships in therapy?

Sigmund Freud Signup and view all the answers

What do vulnerability-stress models propose about the development of depression?

That it results from an interaction between genetic vulnerability and stressful life experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy focuses on approaching negative thoughts with acceptance and discourages client avoidance?

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the core component of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy that involves identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks?

Cognitive Restructuring Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy is a part of CBT that helps combat depression by increasing involvement in activities, even without motivation?

Behavioral Activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of slowly exposing oneself to an anxiety-producing situation to regulate anxiety without being traumatized?

Systematic Desensitization Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy emphasizes reducing the motivation for experiential avoidance and watching negative thoughts with the awareness that they are only thoughts?

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which component of ACT involves mindful awareness of thoughts and feelings?

Being present Signup and view all the answers

What does Cognitive Distortions refer to?

Common thinking errors such as all or nothing thinking, over-generalizing, mental filtering, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What does Behavioral Activation focus on?

Increasing involvement in activities, even without motivation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a core component of CBT that involves identifying moods and reasoning out irrational thoughts?

Cognitive Restructuring Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for discounting the good things that happened or that you have done for some reason?

Disqualifying the positive Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for blowing things out of proportion or inappropriately shrinking something to make it seem less important?

Magnification/minimization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault?

Personalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for only paying attention to certain types of evidence?

Mental Filter Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy emphasizes therapist empathy, genuineness, and positive regard without judgment, fostering self-exploration and personal growth?

Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy?

Analyzing unconscious processes through different methods Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy from other therapies?

It fosters an environment of self-exploration and personal growth without judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of vulnerability-stress models in understanding depression?

The role of individual vulnerabilities and stressful experiences in the development of depression Signup and view all the answers

What are obsessions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) characterized by?

Unwanted and disturbing thoughts such as infection or strangling children Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the compulsions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

Ritualistic actions performed to control the obsessions, such as cleaning or hand washing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) according to the text?

Extreme need to be taken care of Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) as described in the text?

Extreme social avoidance and fear of socializing Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes the thoughts and behaviors associated with Dangerous as defined in the text?

Thoughts that may lead to harm/injury of self or others Signup and view all the answers

According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with an endomorph?

Jolly and extraverted Signup and view all the answers

According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the choleric temperament?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

In Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of mucus?

Phlegmatic Signup and view all the answers

According to Galen's fluid types, which bodily fluid is associated with the phlegmatic temperament?

Excess of mucus Signup and view all the answers

In Sheldon's body somatotypes, which body type is characterized by being muscular and athletic?

Mesomorph Signup and view all the answers

According to Galen's fluid types, which temperament is related to an excess of feces?

Melancholic Signup and view all the answers

According to Sheldon's body somatotypes, which personality trait is associated with a mesomorph?

Muscular and athletic Signup and view all the answers

In Galen's fluid types, an excess of blood is associated with which temperament?

Vigor and athleticism Signup and view all the answers

According to historical approaches to bodies, which bodily fluid is related to the sanguine temperament?

Blood Signup and view all the answers

What personality traits are associated with an anal-retentive personality according to the text?

Orderliness, neatness, and stubbornness Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a child's reaction to harsh toilet training according to the text?

Development of either anal-retentive or anal-expulsive personality traits Signup and view all the answers

According to Alfred Adler, what is the primary drive behind 'striving for superiority'?

Overcoming the sense of helplessness and dependence felt as infants Signup and view all the answers

According to Karen Horney, what is the consequence of caregivers not providing a sense of security for a child's personality development?

Neurotic personality types may develop Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotic personality pattern is characterized by being detached and aloof?

Moving away from people- A detached, aloof person Signup and view all the answers

What does Rogers' Self Theory propose as necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized?

Unconditional positive regard and empathy from others Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, what do individuals develop throughout life based on their perception of others' expectations?

Self-concept influenced by conditions of worth Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for individuals to feel self-actualized according to Rogers' Self Theory?

Empathy from others and genuine acceptance without conditions Signup and view all the answers

What do trait theories of personality focus on?

Individual dimensions of personality traits Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the focus during the phallic stage?

Exploration of the genitals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of attachment theory in relation to infants?

Emotional bonds with caretakers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key criterion for a personality disorder according to the DSM?

It must cause clinically significant distress or impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the onset of a personality disorder based on DSM's General Criteria?

The pattern is stable and has early onset, traced back to at least adolescence or early adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and fear of socializing due to potential rejection or embarrassment?

Avoidant Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by instability of emotions, relationships, and identity?

Borderline Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves pervasive suspiciousness, distrust of others, and recurrent suspicions about the fidelity of a partner/spouse?

Paranoid Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity, a sense of entitlement, and lack of empathy?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotionality, and using physical appearance to draw attention?

Histrionic Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme social avoidance, introversion, and loneliness?

Avoidant PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves a pervasive detachment from social relationships and a preference for solitary activities?

Schizoid PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme need to be taken care of, clingy and submissive behavior, and constant helplessness?

Dependent PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves violating others' rights, aggressive and impulsive behaviors, and a lack of remorse?

Antisocial PD Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder involves interpersonal problems, eccentric/odd behavior, strange beliefs, and unusual perceptions?

Schizotypal PD Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive habits are associated with depression?

Impaired learning/memory and reduced attention/concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)?

Interactions with feelings, behaviors, cognitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of identifying and disputing irrational thoughts to change the way one thinks called?

Cognitive Restructuring Signup and view all the answers

What is the core focus of Cognitive Restructuring in CBT?

Disputing irrational thoughts/cognitive distortions to change thinking Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder II?

At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode Signup and view all the answers

What does Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) primarily focus on changing?

Negative thoughts and emotions by changing how we think and act Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to be seen as dedicated?

Exemplification Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to be seen as dominant?

Intimidation Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy aims to be seen as likeable?

Ingratiation Signup and view all the answers

Which impression management strategy aims to be seen as needy?

Supplication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of exemplification as an impression management strategy?

To be seen as dedicated Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social Psychology Overview

Attribution Theory: explains how people perceive and attribute the cause of experiences and behaviors, distinguishing between internal (dispositions) and external (situations) factors.
Self-serving bias: tendency for individuals to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
Fundamental attribution error: the tendency to overemphasize the role of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors in explaining behavior.
Social categorization: the natural human tendency to categorize individuals into social groups based on shared characteristics, which can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
Racism and modern racism: the tendency to redirect prejudice towards policies that might benefit a certain racial or ethnic group.
Contact hypothesis: the idea that spending time with members of a different group can reduce stereotypes and prejudice.
Cognitive dissonance theory: the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs, leading to a change in attitudes or behaviors to reduce the dissonance.
Social influence: the impact of others on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, including conformity, obedience, and social facilitation.
Normative and informational social influence: two types of social influence, with the former driven by the desire to fit in and the latter by the desire to behave correctly or gain understanding.
Milgram Studies: experiments demonstrating the extent of obedience to authority, where participants were willing to administer potentially harmful electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure.
Robber’s Cave Study: an influential study by Sherif in 1961, demonstrating intergroup conflict and the potential for reconciliation through cooperative activities.
Elaboration likelihood model: a theory explaining two ways individuals can be persuaded, either through deep, logical thinking or superficial cues.

Personality Disorders and Psychological Disorders

Personality disorders are classified into three clusters: Odd/Eccentric, Dramatic/Erratic, and Anxious/Fearful.
Cluster A personality disorders include Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders with distinct characteristics and symptoms.
Cluster B personality disorders consist of Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders, each with unique traits and behaviors.
Cluster C personality disorders involve Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders, each characterized by specific patterns of behavior and emotional responses.
The definition of a psychological disorder includes deviance, distress, dysfunction, and dangerous thoughts or behaviors.
The biopsychosocial model suggests that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological factors, psychological experiences, and the social environment.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychological disorder affecting about 2% of people, with specific symptoms like obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions.
Vulnerability-stress models propose that individual vulnerabilities combined with stressful experiences can lead to depression.
Depression has a genetic component, and attributions, cognitive habits, and serotonin levels contribute to its development.
Schizophrenia involves positive psychotic symptoms (added behaviors) and negative psychotic symptoms (lost behaviors since the onset of the disorder).
Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy focuses on analyzing unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships to identify behavior and thought patterns.
Humanistic/Person-Centered Therapy emphasizes empathy, genuineness, and positive regard to foster self-exploration and personal growth, with the goal of increasing individual insight.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the primary motivations and psychological drives according to Freud's theory of Id, Ego, and Superego. Explore the concepts of immediate gratification, unresolved conflicts, and the structure of the human psyche.