Understanding ICT and SDLC

ICT (Information and Communication Technology)

• Encompasses all technical means to handle and transmit information.
• Includes computer hardware, software, networks, and telecommunications.
• Broader than IT (Information Technology).
• Includes technologies like radio, television, and cellular phones.
• Encompasses computer and network hardware/software, and satellite systems.
• Enables electronic storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission, and reception of information.
• Plays a critical role in modern business, education, healthcare, and government.

SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)

• A systematic process for building software applications.
• Aims to produce high-quality software meeting customer expectations.
• Framework provides a structured for software development activities.

SDLC Phases

• Several phases exist in the SDLC, with variations depending on the methodology.
• Common phases include Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance.

Planning Phase

• The initial phase that defines the project's scope and objectives.
• Involves feasibility studies to evaluate project viability.
• Includes resource allocation and project scheduling.
• Identifies project goals.
• Considers possible constraints.

Analysis Phase

• Requirements are gathered and analyzed in detail.
• Stakeholders are consulted to understand their needs.
• Functional and non-functional requirements are documented.
• A system requirements specification is created.

Design Phase

• The system architecture is designed based on the requirements.
• Encompasses database design, user interface design, and system interfaces.
• Technical specifications are prepared for developers.
• Transforms requirements from the Analysis Phase into complete and detailed system design specifications.

Implementation Phase

• The software is developed based on the design specifications.
• Code is written, and individual components are built.
• Developers follow coding standards and best practices.
• Often the longest phase.

Testing Phase

• Software is tested to ensure it meets requirements.
• Involves various types of testing like unit, integration, and system testing.
• Bugs and defects are identified and fixed.
• Ensures product meets requirements, is bug-free.

Deployment Phase

• Software is deployed to the production environment.
• Includes installation, configuration, and data migration.
• User training may be provided.
• Releases product for use by the customer.

Maintenance Phase

• Software is maintained and updated after deployment.
• Includes bug fixes, enhancements, and upgrades.
• Performance monitoring is conducted.
• Ensures continued operation, updates, and needed fixes.

SDLC Models

• Several SDLC models exist, each with its own approach and characteristics.
• Common models include: Waterfall, Agile, Iterative, Spiral, and V-Model.

Waterfall Model

• A linear, sequential approach moving to the next phase once the current phase is complete.
• Suitable for projects with well-defined requirements.
• Changes are difficult to make once a phase is complete.
• Simple to understand and implement, but inflexible.

Agile Model

• An iterative and incremental approach that emphasizes flexibility and collaboration.
• Requirements evolve throughout the project.
• Short development cycles (sprints) are used to deliver working software frequently.
• Suitable for projects with changing requirements.
• Flexible, customer centric, but requires intense collaboration.

Iterative Model

• Software is developed in iterations, each building on the previous one.
• Prototypes are created and refined throughout the development process.
• Allows for early feedback and risk mitigation.
• Requires careful planning and design to manage iterations effectively.

Spiral Model

• A risk-driven approach combining elements of the Waterfall and Iterative models.
• Each iteration involves risk assessment, planning, development, and evaluation.
• Suitable for complex projects with high risk.
• Focus on risk management, suitable for complex projects.

V-Model

• Emphasizes verification and validation at each stage of the development process.
• Each development phase is associated with a corresponding testing phase.
• Ensures that requirements are met and that the software is reliable.
• Focus on verification and validation.

Importance of SDLC

• Provides a structured approach to software development.
• Helps ensure projects are completed on time and within budget.
• Improves software quality and reduces the risk of project failure.
• Facilitates communication and collaboration among stakeholders.
• Provides a structure, reduces risk of project failure, improves software quality.