Understanding Health and Wellness

• The text focuses on concepts of health and illness, contributors, course aims, topics, assessment, references, and specific details about each topic, including family health, community health, health promotion, nutrition, hygiene, risk behaviours, mental health, and sanitation.

Key Course Information

• The course aims to provide students with knowledge of healthful lifestyles, mental health, health promotion, disease prevention, environmental sanitation, food hygiene, and community health services.
• Topics include concepts of health and disease, family health, community health, health promotion, nutrition, hygiene, risk-taking behavior, mental health, food hygiene, and environmental sanitation.
• Assessment includes a midterm exam (20%) and a final written exam (80%).

Concepts of Health

• Health encompasses a holistic state of soundness in mind, body, and spirit.
• The biomedical concept views health as the absence of disease.
• The ecological concept describes health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment.
• The psychological concept defines health as a biological and psycho-social phenomenon influenced by various factors.
• The holistic model is a synthesis of all concepts, considering well-being within the environment.
• All sectors affect health, including agriculture, food, industry, education, housing, public works, and communication.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease.

Dimensions of Health

• Health is multidimensional, including physical, mental, and social dimensions.
• Additional dimensions: spiritual, emotional, vocational, cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, nutritional, and preventive/curative aspects.
• Physical dimension: "perfect functioning" of the body
• Indicators of physical health: complexion, skin, eyes, hair, breath, appetite, sleep, bowel and bladder activity, coordinated movements, intact senses, normal organ functions, body composition, pulse rate, and blood pressure.
• Mental dimension: the ability to respond to varied experiences with flexibility and purpose.
• Social dimension: quantity and quality of interpersonal relationships; community involvement.
• It includes social skills, functioning, and ability to see oneself as a member of society.
• Vocational dimension: adaptation of work to human capacities promoting physical and mental health; it leads to physical improvement, goal achievement, and self-esteem.

Wellness–Illness Continuum

• Illness increases towards disability or death
• Health/wellness increase toward optimal health

Determinants of Health Include:

• Gender, age group, socioeconomic status, education, physical environment, social support networks, culture, genetics, and health services.

Health Indicators

• The health indicators include mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, nutritional status, socio-economic factors, environmental quality, service utilization, and quality of life.

Concepts of Disease and Control

• Disease: Impaired body health state, interrupting vital functions.
• Control: Aimed at reducing disease incidence, transmission risk, infection effects, and financial burden.

Family Health

• Definition: The basic unit of society with shared residence, characteristics, emotional bonds, and social roles or members related by blood, adoption, or marriage.
• Every family is a small social system with its own culture, values, rules, structure, and basic functions, that moves through stages in its life cycle.

Factors Affecting Family Health

• The family size, age distribution, spacing, health status of family members, and socio-economic condition.
• The educational status of family members, housing conditions, Degree of available health services, social interaction and role of each member are factors.

High-Risk Families

• Socioeconomic risks: very poor, in crisis, incomplete, young, migrant, genetic risks, inadequately functioning.
• Obstetrical risks: mothers under 16 or over 40, with anemic habits, or those with previous complications.
• Infant risks: low or high birth weight, low Apgar score, difficult labor, congenital malformation.

Family Functions

• Reproduction, physical maintenance, education and socialization of offspring, resource allocation, emotional support, and religious faith
• Conferral of status, communication among members, sharing family morals, and means to motivate members.

Family Structure

• Traditional families: nuclear (parents/children), nuclear dyad (husband/wife), extended (relatives living together), commuter (parents work in different cities).
• Include single-parent, step, polygamous, and cluster families (nuclear families share duties).
• Nontraditional families: cohabitating (unmarried), communal (religious or financial necessity), homosexual, skip-generation (grandparents raising grandchildren).

Stages of Family Life Cycle:

• Leaving home (single adults), joining families through marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, launching children, and families in later life.

Community Health

• Definition: Humankind doesn't live in a way isolation, or unaffected by others.
• A dynamic social matter with geographic boundaries, that shares norms, values, and is a social group.

Community Health Characteristics

• Members interact, influence each other, identify with the group, accept responsibilities.
• They are entitled to privileges, and possess specialized roles.
• It's the health of education, social and people, by the people for the people, and environmental actions to protect the people of a defined area.

Community Health Service and Facilities

• Providing services, that promote quality, and enable them to be productive.
• Addressing environmental factors, social/cultural factors, organizational factors, and agricultural factors.
• This includes communicable disease control, educational components, sanitation and medical care.
• The services must also be present in rural areas.

Environmental Sanitation

• It encompasses the control of factors affecting health; it includes housing, ventilation, lighting, water purification, solid/waste water disposal, and the vector control.

Environmental Sanitation, Defintions

• Includes the social, political, economic factors that improve the life and influence the life of the community.
• Identification of the positive and negative factors, that influence human beings.

Characteristics Of Health Housing

• Safety measures in place and an adequate water supply.
• Sanitary waste management measure are practiced and free of noise.

Ventilation is Either

• The Process of Provision and / or removal of air by mechanical (fans/air conditions) or natural (wind/windows) means.

Air Pollution

• Can be man-made or natural (volcanic ash)
• Air pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxide, sulfur and hydrocarbons.

Preventing Air Pollution

• Observance via monitoring the air, utilizing fuel that does not contain harmful substance, and deploying filtered chimneys.

Types of Light

• To keep healthy, there is natural (sunlight) and artificial (lighting).
• High strain on the eyes, leading to headaches are the affects of por lighting.
• High concentrations can lead to fatigue.

Water for Purification

• Utilizes potable water (rivers/streams), underground water (springs, wells), rain water and distilled sea water.
• It must be free from smell and chemicals.

Water treatment (purification):

• The addition of iron chloride, or alum to the water, allowing flock.
• The settling of flock takes 2-6 hours.
• Then filtration.
• Disinfection via use of chlorine.
• Must have standard examination measures in place.

Removal of Solid Waste Must Be Done With

• Garbage (food waste) or Rubbush (glass, paper and tins).

The Removal Processes Are Burning

• This can include incineration and combustion
• Dumping, or land fulls: which involves the refuse compacting.
• Recycling: which can be turned into fertilizer, small pieces suitable for building, plastic material, or fuel.

Waste Water Removal Systems Must Have

• Water Carriage in urban areas.
• Or pit latrines in rural areas.

The Removal Is Performed

• At sea or in the desert.

Vector Control Consists of

• Insects - e.g. mosquito & flies .
• Arachnid - e.g. mites & spiders.
• Sanitation to keep the environment clean.
• The destruction og breeding processes.
• Via. insecticides, the garaged disposal and via ultra sonic waves
• Trapping and poisoning.

Community Health Services

• Include family health services for children and women.
• Includes antenatal care with tetanus vaccine and reproductive care.
• It consists of diagnostics, dental services. and services for emergencies.

Public Measures For These Services

• Consist of the prevention of communicable diseases, supervision via nutrition, registrations during birth.
• As well as establishments to provide continuous training in medicine.

Health Maintenance

• The lesson, equips one with the sklls and knowledge to raise awareness in a healthy life.

A Healthy Lifestyle

• The lesson discusses skills, benefits of exercise, attitudes, and various age groups.

Health Living

• Is a social, environmental matter via interplay .
• Everyone needs these practices.

A Health Plan Must Have

• Stress management
• Positive actions
• Mental care
• Avoidence of abuses
• Eating well.

Health Promotion

• Has to do with an the science of science to keep one in shape of health.

Maintaining The Body Consists Of

• Three components (that involve 3 types depending on human body effects): stretchiness, musclity and arobical exercise.

Proper Nutrients

• One needs to have the skills and means to transfer, for a proper life.

These Components Are Categorized

• As essential components (for all age groups).

Proper Intake Requires

• The body must intake nutrition to build to repair.

Key Nutrition Facts

• One must consume healthy fats, carbs & proteins
• Vitamins are needed help with energy.
• 70 % of the body is water.
• Bad nourishment = less nutrients.

Factors Causing Unhealth Behavior Consist Of

• Genetics
• Education
• Age
• Networks
• The socioeconomic status.

Proper Hygene

• The students get the means and knowledge to keep clean and stay in form.

Practicing Daily

• Keeping the body clean is vital.

Cleanliness Must Consist Of

• Hair care, care of the Nail, the face and the bathing.

Preventing Illness Consists Of

• Preventative factors with risk taking.

Preventable Things With Violence

• These can either be self- others or from family.

Mental Well Being

• Being in form both in the body and the mind.

The Intellect Is For Proper Mentality and Must

• Have no emotional disability and is a sign of competence.

Stress Will Come From

• An unorganized environment.

A Stress Inducing Zone

• Is prone o psychological harm.

Proper Housing

• Involves the safe building for health conditions.
• Has sanitation and cleaning, plus must avoid noise.

Preventative Measures Include

• Filtered chimneys, zero lead and observation of the air.

Contaminants Of The Enviroment

• Include: Noise, pollution, and poor conditions.

Water Purification (From The Source)

• Involves a chemical process to filter debris.

The Disposal Comes From the Following

• Sewage, garbage and rubbish.

There Are Many Ways to dispose of it

• One can use composting or recycling.

All Refuse Needs

• Vector control and and maintained vector control.

Proper Sanitation

• Requires inspections.
• Involves the utilization of the right materials.

Food Safety Is About

• Removing poisons.

Contamination Occurs If

• Addictive and preservation is skipped and this all involves additives.

Proper Maintenence

• Involves a two year process.

One Must Not

• Smoke or undergo x rays

There Are Methods to Preserve via:

• Canning: (remove microbes)/ Freezing: (slowing it down/Drying: (reduction of h20).
• Concentration: (reduce water amount), acid/ salting, smoking.

Sanitation

• Consists of food safety and hygiene
• There is different ways to perform this (milk 75 c degree heating for 20 seconds and cooled to 4.0), food quality and sterilization.

Milk (From the source)

• Requires one needs to drink is so is not spoiled.

Meat Safety Must Have

• Good color, great smell, and great skin.