Understanding Growth and Differentiation in Tumors
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Questions and Answers

What is the basis of carcinogenesis according to the text?

  • Implantation after operation
  • Lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes
  • Non-lethal genetic damage (correct)
  • Direct seeding of body cavities
  • Which class of genes are the principal targets of genetic damage in carcinogenesis?

  • Genes involved in DNA repair
  • Growth promoting oncogenes (correct)
  • Tumor suppressor genes
  • Genes involved in apoptosis
  • What process leads to secondary tumors in organs perfused by blood from a primary tumor?

  • Direct seeding
  • Lymphatic spread
  • Implantation after operation
  • Haematogenous spread (correct)
  • Which type of genes regulate programmed cell death, a process relevant to carcinogenesis?

    <p>Genes involved in apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of metastasis described as 'rare' after an operation?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a cell develops a specialized function or morphology?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of malignant transformation?

    <p>Anaplasia (lack of differentiation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the variation in size and shape of cells?

    <p>Pleomorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of benign tumors?

    <p>Non-invasive and remain localized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of dysplasia?

    <p>Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the abnormal mass of tissue whose growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues?

    <p>Neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?

    <p>Invasive and capable of spreading directly or by metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the spread of a malignant tumor to a location discontinuous with the primary tumor?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a morphological change associated with neoplasia?

    <p>Formation of tumor giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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