Understanding Growth and Differentiation in Tumors

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What is the basis of carcinogenesis according to the text?

Implantation after operation

Lymphatic spread to regional lymph nodes

Non-lethal genetic damage (correct)

Direct seeding of body cavities

Which class of genes are the principal targets of genetic damage in carcinogenesis?

Genes involved in DNA repair

Growth promoting oncogenes (correct)

Tumor suppressor genes

Genes involved in apoptosis

What process leads to secondary tumors in organs perfused by blood from a primary tumor?

Direct seeding

Lymphatic spread

Implantation after operation

Haematogenous spread (correct)

Which type of genes regulate programmed cell death, a process relevant to carcinogenesis?

Genes involved in apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of metastasis described as 'rare' after an operation?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a cell develops a specialized function or morphology?

Differentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark of malignant transformation?

Anaplasia (lack of differentiation) Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the variation in size and shape of cells?

Pleomorphism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of benign tumors?

Non-invasive and remain localized Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dysplasia?

Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the abnormal mass of tissue whose growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues?

Neoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant tumors?

Invasive and capable of spreading directly or by metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the spread of a malignant tumor to a location discontinuous with the primary tumor?

Metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a morphological change associated with neoplasia?

Formation of tumor giant cells Signup and view all the answers

Understanding Growth and Differentiation in Tumors

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