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Cancer Cell Behavior and Differentiation
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Cancer Cell Behavior and Differentiation

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily characterized by reversible proliferation of altered cells?

  • Metastasis
  • Progression
  • Promotion (correct)
  • Initiation

    • Which of the following factors is NOT considered a promoting agent in cancer development?

  • Dietary fat
  • Genetic mutations (correct)
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Obesity

    • What is the significance of the immune system in relation to cancer patients?

  • It does not influence cancer progression.
  • It helps to identify and fight cancer cells. (correct)
  • It only responds to bacterial infections.
  • It exacerbates cancer growth directly.

    • Which stage of cancer development is marked by a notable increase in growth rate and invasiveness of tumors?

    <p>Progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sites is commonly associated with metastasis from colon cancer?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of co-carcinogens?

    <p>They promote the proliferation of initiated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system differentiate between self and non-self?

    <p>By recognizing foreign antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in cancer prevention according to the stages of cancer development?

    <p>Reversibility of promoters' activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of genetic abnormalities are associated with cancer?

    <p>Too few chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancers are linked to inherited genetic mutations across generations?

    <p>Chronic myelogenous leukemia and retinoblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary component is recognized as a potential risk factor for cancer?

    <p>Red and processed meats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a sedentary lifestyle have on cancer risk?

    <p>It is linked to an increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal agent is recognized as a risk factor for clear cell adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Diethylstilbestrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancers is associated with obesity?

    <p>Cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancers are thought to depend on endogenous hormonal levels for growth?

    <p>Breast, prostate, and uterus cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune surveillance in relation to neoplastic cells?

    <p>It involves the immune system selectively identifying and targeting abnormal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cancer immunoediting refer to?

    <p>The selection of neoplastic cells that are poorly immunogenic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cancer therapies negatively impact the immune system?

    <p>They can reduce the quantity of white blood cells produced in bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of angiogenesis in the context of cancer?

    <p>It supports tumor growth by providing a rich blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cancer affect the bone marrow?

    <p>It can damage the bone marrow and reduce blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is concomitant immunity?

    <p>It occurs when a primary tumor triggers an immune response but allows other tumors to grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all cancers worldwide is estimated to be linked to viral infections?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer treatments are more likely to damage the immune system?

    <p>Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and high-dose steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clinical staging in cancer treatment?

    <p>To guide treatment selection after the diagnostic workup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cancer indicates that the cancer is still confined to its origin?

    <p>Stage 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'restaging' refer to?

    <p>Assessing the extent of disease before retreatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is typically classified as advanced or metastatic cancer?

    <p>Stage IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Karnofsky Performance Scale and the Katz Index used for?

    <p>To describe and document patients' functional performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage is cancer commonly referred to as early-stage cancer?

    <p>Stage I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor for increasing survival rates in cancer patients?

    <p>Early detection and prompt treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cancer generally means that the cancer has spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body?

    <p>Stage III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior differentiates cancer cells from normal cells in terms of cell boundaries?

    <p>Cancer cells exhibit loss of contact inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue has a rapid rate of cell proliferation?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the time needed for a tumor mass to double in size?

    <p>Doubling time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads cells to become specialized in structure and function?

    <p>Cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells in relation to cell differentiation?

    <p>They progress from immaturity to maturity in an orderly manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the potential for cells to perform functions as they differentiate?

    <p>It is repressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genes are important regulators of normal cell processes and promote growth?

    <p>Protooncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the term 'pyramid effect' in relation to tumors?

    <p>Tumor growth is rapid and continuous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer Cell Behavior

    • Normal cells respect boundaries and do not invade other cells' territory.
    • Cancer cells lose contact inhibition and grow on top of each other and normal cells.
    • Normal cell proliferation rates vary by tissue, with some tissues like bone marrow having rapid rates.
    • Cancer cells proliferate at the same rate as their originating tissue but respond differently to regulatory signals.
    • This leads to continuous, indiscriminate growth, often producing more than two cells during mitosis.
    • This continuous growth is termed the pyramid effect.
    • The doubling time of a tumor mass is the time it takes to double in size.

    Defect in Cell Differentiation

    • Cell differentiation is the process of cells specializing in structure and function.
    • It's a progression from immaturity to maturity, with cells gaining specific functions.
    • Although all cells have the potential for all body functions, it's repressed during differentiation.
    • Differentiated cells are stable and do not normally dedifferentiate.
    • Cancer involves malfunctioning genes that control differentiation and proliferation.
    • Protooncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth.
    • Mutations in protooncogenes can lead to uncontrolled growth.
    • Tumor suppressor genes, like p53, normally suppress tumor formation.
    • Mutations in these genes can contribute to cancer development.

    Stages of Carcinogenesis

    • Initiation is the irreversible alteration of a cell's DNA, leading to a genetic mutation and potential for tumor formation.
    • Promotion is the reversible proliferation of the altered cells, often due to repeated exposure to promoting agents, which can be environmental factors or lifestyle choices.
    • Progression is the final stage, characterized by increased tumor growth rate, invasiveness, and metastasis.
    • Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to distant locations.

    Role of the Immune System in Cancer

    • The immune system defends the body against disease and infection through the identification of foreign antigens.
    • This is known as Immune Surveillance.
    • Cancer cells can express tumor-specific antigens, making them recognizable by the immune system.
    • Cancer immunoediting occurs when the environment surrounding neoplastic cells influences their growth.
    • The immune system has anti-cancer mechanisms but may not be sufficient to eliminate tumors completely.
    • Cancer treatments can suppress the immune system by reducing white blood cell production.
    • Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an intrinsic response to neoplastic cells, but can provide a rich blood supply for tumor growth.
    • Cancer can damage the bone marrow, reducing blood cell production and weakening the immune system.
    • The immune system also influences metastasis.

    Cancer Etiology

    • Cancer risk is increased by factors like:
      • Viral infections
      • Bacterial Infections
      • Genetic abnormalities
      • Environmental toxins
      • Lifestyle factors
      • Hormonal agents

    Cancer Prevention and Early Detection

    • Emphasizing healthy lifestyles and reducing risk factors are key to preventing cancer.
    • Early detection is crucial for improved survival rates.
    • Teaching individuals about self-examination and warning signs promotes early intervention.

    Cancer Staging

    • Stage 0: Cancer in situ, confined to the origin site.
    • Stage I: Cancer has not spread deeply, no lymph node involvement.
    • Stage II & III: Cancer has grown deeper, potentially involves lymph nodes, but not other parts of the body.
    • Stage IV: Metastatic cancer, spread to distant organs.

    TNM Staging System

    • T: Tumor size and extent of spread
    • N: Involvement of lymph nodes
    • M: Presence of metastasis
    • The TNM staging system is used to classify cancer severity and guide treatment decisions.

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    TRANS NCM 112B - ONCOLOGY.docx

    Description

    Explore the behaviors of cancer cells compared to normal cells, including concepts like contact inhibition and the pyramid effect. Understand the significance of cell differentiation and how cells evolve from immaturity to specialization. This quiz will test your knowledge on vital processes in cellular biology.

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