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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of a company engaging in 'reshoring'?

  • Focusing exclusively on exporting goods to international markets.
  • Outsourcing production to multiple countries to diversify risk.
  • Establishing new markets in developing countries.
  • Moving manufacturing and jobs back to its home country. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a non-tariff barrier to trade?

  • A tax imposed by a government on imported goods.
  • A limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported. (correct)
  • A reduction in export subsidies for domestic producers.
  • A standardization of currency exchange rates between countries.

Why might a company choose to establish a joint venture when entering a foreign market?

  • To maintain complete control over all aspects of the foreign operation.
  • To bypass international trade regulations and tariffs.
  • To avoid any financial risk associated with foreign investment.
  • To gain access to local knowledge and share investment risks. (correct)

What is a key characteristic of a 'high-context' culture regarding business communication?

<p>Importance of nonverbal cues and the surrounding situation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

<p>To promote free trade and resolve trade disputes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural dimension reflects the degree to which a society values assertiveness and materialism?

<p>Masculinity-femininity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely result of a country's high score in Hofstede's 'uncertainty avoidance' dimension?

<p>A strong preference for structured environments and clear rules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge associated with international franchising?

<p>The complexity of adapting menu items to local tastes while maintaining brand coherence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that firms seeking a joint venture partner should look for?

<p>A strong local workforce and understanding of the local market. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action best illustrates the concept of 'global sourcing'?

<p>A company purchasing components from various countries for final assembly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of a country with a high-power distance culture?

<p>A hierarchical society with deference to authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main risk associated with licensing agreements in international business?

<p>Potential loss of control over product quality and brand reputation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'political risk' in the context of international business?

<p>The potential for losses due to instability or political changes in a host country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy represents the highest level of involvement in international operations?

<p>Foreign subsidiary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company adhering to 'economic development' in its global strategy would likely:

<p>Invest in the local economy to improve living standards and skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of regional economic alliances like NAFTA/USMCA and the EU?

<p>To promote free trade and economic integration among member countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a 'transnational corporation' differ from a 'global corporation'?

<p>Transnational corporations are not strongly identified with any single country. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism leveled against global corporations by home-country governments?

<p>Sending investment capital abroad and avoiding domestic taxes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) prohibit?

<p>Canadian firms from bribing foreign officials to gain a business advantage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is tracing responsibly sourced minerals complex for electronics manufacturers?

<p>Because the supply chains are dense and involve many intermediaries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'culture shock'?

<p>The confusion and discomfort experienced in an unfamiliar culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be 'ethnocentric'?

<p>To view one's own culture as superior to others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'cultural intelligence' (CQ)?

<p>The ability to adapt and work effectively across cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 'low-context' cultures, how does communication primarily take place?

<p>Through written or spoken words. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'proxemics'?

<p>The study of how people use space to communicate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a 'tight' culture, what is expected of its members?

<p>To conform closely to social norms and expectations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'ecological fallacy' in the context of cultural studies?

<p>The assumption that generalized cultural values apply equally to all members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a monochronic culture typically approach time management?

<p>By focusing on one task at a time and adhering to strict schedules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions reflects the degree to which a society is comfortable with risk and change?

<p>Uncertainty avoidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical issue is exemplified by the collapse of the Rana Plaza in Bangladesh?

<p>Sweatshop labor and unsafe working conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for foreign direct investment (FDI) that leads to job creation in the host country?

<p>Insourcing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative of NAFTA/USMCA?

<p>Substantial job losses to Mexico (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Dodd-Frank Act regarding conflict minerals?

<p>To require U.S. companies to investigate their supply chains for conflict minerals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate example of culture shock?

<p>A tourist feeling disoriented and overwhelmed after being exposed to new customs, foods and social situations in a foreign country. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good example of a company enacting ethical global development practices?

<p>A coffee company sending advisers to teach local coffee growers how to meet international standards so that their products can be sold worldwide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that Starbucks pursued legal action against Xingbake, a company in China?

<p>Because Starbucks believed Xingbake's name and café designs were copying theirs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way a foreign firm might demonstrate that it values its customers when looking for a joint venture partner?

<p>Invest in understanding customer needs and providing excellent service. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reasonable explanation for one of the potential cons of global business?

<p>Global businesses can sometimes hire the best talent away from domestic firms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about monochronic cultures?

<p>It is considered unfavourable to be late to a meeting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of international business, what is a key difference between a 'global corporation' and a 'transnational corporation'?

<p>Global corporations are identified with a specific national home, whereas transnational corporations operate without a strong national identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'economic development' as a benefit sought by companies engaging in international business?

<p>Engaging in business practices in foreign countries with the intention of improving the local economy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company decides to move its manufacturing operations from overseas back to its home country. What is this business strategy commonly known as?

<p>Reshoring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a 'joint venture' from a 'strategic alliance' in international business?

<p>A joint venture involves co-ownership and shared risks, while a strategic alliance is a collaborative agreement without necessarily pooling equity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is considering expanding into a new international market. Which market entry strategy provides the least amount of ownership and control?

<p>Engaging in global sourcing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding international trade disputes?

<p>To negotiate and resolve disputes about tariffs and trade restrictions between member nations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor poses the most significant political risk for a company investing in a foreign country?

<p>Potential loss in value due to instability and political changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended outcome of regional economic alliances like the USMCA (formerly NAFTA)?

<p>To foster free trade and the flow of goods, services, workers, and investment among member countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hofstede's cultural dimensions, what characterizes a culture with high 'power distance'?

<p>Acceptance of unequal distribution of power and respect for hierarchy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural intelligence (CQ), what does 'ethnocentrism' primarily represent?

<p>The belief that one's own culture is superior to others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a key difference between monochronic and polychronic cultures?

<p>Monochronic cultures value punctuality and sticking to schedules, whereas polychronic cultures have a more flexible approach to time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the concept of 'tight' versus 'loose' cultures, what is a typical characteristic of a 'tight' culture?

<p>Clear and strong social norms with expectations of conformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ethical implication of sourcing 'conflict minerals' for electronics manufacturers?

<p>It can lead to supporting armed violence and human rights abuses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action would be a violation of the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA)?

<p>Making a payoff to a foreign official to expedite customs clearance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why global firms may choose to establish a 'foreign subsidiary' instead of a joint venture?

<p>To gain full control over the operation and protect proprietary knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might cultural differences in 'time orientation' affect international business negotiations?

<p>Cultures with long-term orientation may prioritize building relationships and establishing trust before discussing business details. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage for a host country when a global corporation establishes operations within its borders?

<p>Increased employment opportunities for the local workforce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge associated with 'international franchising'?

<p>Adapting the business model to local tastes and cultural preferences while maintaining brand consistency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can global sourcing create ethical challenges for businesses?

<p>By making it difficult to monitor labor practices and environmental standards in foreign factories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of international business does 'proxemics' primarily address?

<p>The cultural norms related to the use of space in communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of international management, what is 'culture shock'?

<p>The confusion and discomfort experienced in an unfamiliar cultural environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of MNCs (Multinational Corporations) engaging in corporate tax inversion?

<p>Shielding foreign earnings from domestic taxes, impacting the home country's tax base. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential con for home-country economies when a global business sends investment capital abroad?

<p>It could mean fewer domestic jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential con for a host-country when a global corporation fails to respect local customs and laws?

<p>It can create cultural tensions and misunderstandings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally considered to be a characteristic of a 'high-context' culture?

<p>Reliance on unspoken cues and context in communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a company demonstrate cultural intelligence when looking for a joint venture partner?

<p>By adapting its communication style and showing respect for the partner's culture and values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is determining if minerals are responsibly sourced a complex issue for many electronics manufacturers?

<p>The supply chains are dense, making it extremely difficult to identify the original source of the minerals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When Nobel Peace Prize Winner asks global firms to fight poverty, what is one potential negative impact business can have on developing economies?

<p>Short-term business interests can lead to unethical practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an executive is meeting a contact from a new international market and suffers from 'confusion' upon first contact, what should they do?

<p>Realize they may need additional information and advice about the contact's culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between global sourcing, exporting/importing, and licensing/franchising as ways of pursuing international business?

<p>Global sourcing, exporting/importing, licensing/franchising are market-entry strategies that do not always require an expensive investment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When foreign firms invest in another country, what is a common way to start?

<p>With a joint venture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is most likely to happen in businesses from APEC countries?

<p>Businesses have access to a region of superstar economic status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of a home-country issue with a global firm?

<p>Sending investment capital abroad and engaging in corruption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most common settings and dynamics of tight and loose cultures that emerge?

<p>A class group or work team whose members come from different cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true of the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)?

<p>SADC links countries in southern Africa in trade and economic development efforts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural intelligence, what behavior would show the highest comfort in Benevolence?

<p>An action of being understanding toward others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global sourcing is a common process that involves:

<p>The process of purchasing materials, manufacturing components, around the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are exports an essential part of the Canadian ecomomy?

<p>Growth of export industries creates local jobs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of adjusting to a new culture?

<p>Reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a multinational company travels into countries where social problems such as poverty, disease, and illiteracy are present, should it find a way to help?

<p>The correct answer depends on morals and the situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies 'economic development' as a goal for global firms?

<p>A coffee company partnering with local farmers in a developing country, providing training and resources to improve coffee bean quality for global export. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Canadian company is considering expanding into Asia. If they choose a 'joint venture' as their market entry strategy, what would be the most likely characteristic of this arrangement?

<p>The Canadian company and a local Asian company share ownership, resources, and risks in a new business operation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A government imposes a tax on goods entering the country. This is an example of:

<p>A tariff. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant potential disadvantage for a host country when a global corporation establishes operations within its borders?

<p>Potential for the global corporation to exploit resources or exert undue influence on local government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is looking to source materials and components from different countries to take advantage of lower costs and specialized skills, what international business entry does this best represent?

<p>Global Sourcing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a company choose to establish a 'foreign subsidiary' instead of a joint venture when entering a new international market?

<p>To maintain complete control over operations and protect proprietary technology or processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Canadian executive offers a government official in another country an expensive gift in exchange for expediting the approval process for a new business permit. Which law might this violate?

<p>The Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions would most likely explain a company's difficulty in implementing a new, innovative strategy in a country where employees prefer clear rules and procedures?

<p>Uncertainty Avoidance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A global company discovers that one of its suppliers is employing children in hazardous working conditions. According to the text, what would be an appropriate course of action for the company to take?

<p>Require the supplier to return the children to their homes, pay for their enrolment in local schools, and compensate their families. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a business negotiation, an executive from a monochronic culture may be most frustrated by:

<p>Frequent interruptions and deviations from the planned discussion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome of a company closing a domestic operation in order to move work to lower-cost international providers?

<p>Criticism from home-country government and community leaders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A product is designed in the United States, manufactured in China, and sold in Canada. Which concept does this best demonstrate?

<p>Globalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Canadian company sources timber from a foreign country and sells it to the United States. The company is engaging in:

<p>Global sourcing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a U.S. company requires its foreign suppliers to meet United States standards to ensure labor and production guidelines are followed, what is this typically called?

<p>Aggressive international audits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a global corporation and a transnational corporation?

<p>Global corporations are identified with one national home, while transnational corporations operate worldwide without strong national identification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, why has Mexico become an increasingly attractive manufacturing destination for Canadian and U.S. firms?

<p>Higher labour costs in China and proximity to the Canadian and U.S. markets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee feels anxious, uncomfortable, and in need of information and advice after initial interactions with a new culture. According to the stages of adjusting to a new culture, which stage are they most likely in?

<p>Confusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In countries participating in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), what is most likely to happen regarding trade and investment?

<p>Promotion of free trade and investment in the Pacific region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential positive outcome of foreign direct investment (FDI) for the host country?

<p>Job creation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would be a clear violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)?

<p>Offering a large sum of money to a foreign government official in exchange for securing a lucrative business contract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Globalization

The growing interdependence among global economies.

Global Management

Managing businesses with interests in multiple countries.

International Business

For-profit transactions of goods/services across national borders.

Profits (Global Expansion)

Gaining higher earnings through expanded international operations.

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Customers (Global Expansion)

Accessing new groups of consumers by entering new markets.

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Suppliers (Global Expansion)

Obtaining materials, products, and services internationally.

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Labour (Global Expansion)

Accessing a global pool of lower-cost, talented workers.

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Capital (Global Expansion)

Tapping into a larger pool of financial resources worldwide.

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Risk (Global Expansion)

Spreading assets among multiple countries to minimize financial risk.

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Economic Development

Contributing to the improvement of a local economy.

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Global Sourcing

Purchasing materials or services from around the world.

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Exporting

Selling locally made products in foreign markets.

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Importing

Buying foreign-made products and selling them in domestic markets.

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Licensing Agreement

Paying a fee for rights to make/sell another's products.

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Franchising

Buying rights to use another's name and methods.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Investing in or buying a business in another country.

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Insourcing

FDI resulting in local job creation.

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Joint Venture

Co-ownership arrangement sharing resources and risks.

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Foreign Subsidiary

Local operation owned/controlled by a foreign firm.

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Greenfield Venture

Building subsidiary from the ground up.

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Political Risk

Potential loss due to instability and political changes.

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

Global organization promoting free trade.

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Tariffs

Taxes governments impose on imports.

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Non-Tariff Barriers

Discouraging imports in non-tax ways.

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Regional Economic Alliance

Agreement where nations work together for economic gain.

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Free flow of goods, services, workers, and investment.

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Global Corporations

Business firms with extensive international operations.

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Transnational Corporation

Doing business without being tied to one national home.

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Globalization Gap

When large multinationals disproportionately gain wealth.

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Corruption

Engaging in illegal practices for personal gain.

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Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA)

Illegal for Canadian firms to bribe foreign officials.

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Child Labour

Employing children in work meant for adults.

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Sweatshops

Low wages, long hours, poor conditions.

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Conflict Minerals

Minerals that support warlords and armed violence.

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Culture

Shared beliefs, values, behaviors of a group.

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Culture Shock

Discomfort in an unfamiliar culture.

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Ethnocentrism

Viewing one's own culture as superior.

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Cultural Intelligence (CQ)

Ability to adapt and work well across cultures.

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Low-Context Cultures

Communication via written or spoken word.

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High-Context Cultures

Interpreting message from situation and body language.

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Monochronic Cultures

Doing one thing at a time.

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Polychronic Cultures

Working on many things at once.

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Proxemics

Study of how people use space to communicate.

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Tight Culture

Strong social norms and strict sanctioning.

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Loose Culture

Relaxed social norms and more tolerance.

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Power Distance

Acceptance of unequal power distribution.

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Individualism-Collectivism

Emphasis on individual versus group interests.

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Uncertainty Avoidance

Tolerance for risk and change.

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Masculinity-Femininity

Values assertiveness and materialism.

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Time Orientation

Emphasis on short-term versus long-term goals.

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Study Notes

  • Globalization is the increasing interdependence of the world's economies.
  • Some believe globalization has created a "borderless world", while others think national identities remain strong.
  • National leaders balance global economic benefits with local needs.

The Global Economy

  • The global economy can be illustrated by the journey of a T-shirt, starting with cotton grown in Texas.
  • The cotton is processed and manufactured into T-shirts in China.
  • The T-shirts are sold to a U.S. firm, silk-screened, and sold to retail shops.
  • Customers donate used T-shirts to charity, which sells them to a recycler.
  • The recycler sells them to a vendor in Africa, who distributes them to local markets

Global Management

  • Global management involves managing businesses with interests in multiple countries.
  • Global firms are seeking global managers who are culturally aware and informed about international issues.

Why Companies Go Global

  • Companies go global for profits, customers, suppliers, labor, capital, and to spread risk.
  • Economic development is another benefit, where global firms improve local economies in foreign countries.

How Companies Go Global

  • International business can be pursued through market-entry strategies or direct investment strategies.
  • Market-entry strategies include global sourcing, exporting/importing, licensing, and franchising.
  • Direct investment strategies include strategic alliances, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries.

Global Sourcing

  • Global sourcing is purchasing materials, components, or services from around the world for low costs.
  • Aircraft parts at Boeing come from a global supply chain for final assembly.
  • Services like customer support call centers are set up in countries like the Philippines, or research and development centers in Brazil or Russia.

Exporting and Importing

  • Exporting involves selling locally made products in foreign markets.
  • Importing involves buying foreign-made products and selling them in domestic markets.
  • Exports account for 30% of Canada's GDP.
  • Canada is a top exporter in sectors like cosmetics, pet food, and photonic devices.

Licensing and Franchising

  • Licensing involves paying a fee for rights to make or sell another company’s products in a specific region.
  • Franchising involves buying the rights to use another's name and operating methods in a foreign country.

Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances

  • Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves setting up or buying a business in another country.
  • Insourcing is FDI that results in local job creation.
  • A joint venture is a co-ownership arrangement where foreign and local partners pool resources, share risks, and operate a new business.
  • International joint ventures are global strategic alliances where firms work together for mutual benefit.

Foreign Subsidiaries

  • A foreign subsidiary is a local operation completely owned and controlled by a foreign firm.
  • They can be built from the ground up (greenfield venture) or established by acquisition.

Global Business Environments

  • Legal and political systems differ and pose substantial risks in international business.
  • Global firms must abide by local laws.
  • Common legal problems involve incorporation practices, contracts, foreign exchange, and intellectual property rights.
  • Political risk is the potential loss due to instability and political changes.
  • Political-risk analysis is used to forecast disruptive events.

Trade Agreements and Trade Barriers

  • The World Trade Organization (WTO) promotes free trade and resolves disputes.
  • WTO members give one another most favored nation status.
  • Trade barriers include tariffs (taxes on imports) and non-tariff barriers.
  • Protectionism gives favorable treatment to domestic businesses.

Regional Economic Alliances

  • Regional economic alliances involve nations agreeing to work together for economic gains.
  • NAFTA/USMCA created a trade zone between Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
  • The European Union (EU) is a regional economic and political alliance, with 27 member countries and a common currency, the euro.
  • The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) promotes free trade and investment in the Pacific region, with 21 member nations.
  • The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) promotes economic growth and progress among 10 nations.
  • The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) links 16 countries in trade and economic development efforts.
  • The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP11) is a trade agreement between 11 countries.

Global Businesses

  • Global corporations (MNEs/MNCs) have extensive international operations.
  • Transnational corporations do business globally without being identified with one national home.

Pros and Cons of Global Businesses

  • Host countries can benefit from a larger tax base, increased employment, technology transfers, new industries, and development of local resources.
  • Host countries can suffer from excessive profits taken by global corporations, economic domination, interference with local governments, and failure to respect local customs.
  • Home countries can be criticized for cutting domestic jobs, sending investment capital abroad, tax inversion and engaging in corruption.

Ethics Challenges for Global Businesses

  • Corruption involves illegal practices to further personal business interests.
  • The Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) makes it illegal for Canadian firms to engage in corrupt practices overseas.
  • Child labour is the employment of children to perform work otherwise done by adults.
  • Sweatshops are business operations that employ workers at low wages for long hours in poor working conditions.
  • Conflict minerals are minerals whose sale helps finance armed violence.

Cultures and Global Diversity

  • Culture is the shared set of beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people.
  • Culture shock is the confusion and discomfort a person experiences in an unfamiliar culture.

Cultural Intelligence

  • Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s culture as superior to others.
  • Cultural intelligence (CQ) is the ability to adapt and work well across cultures.

Silent Languages of Culture

  • The silent languages of culture involve context, time, and space.
  • Low-context cultures communicate via the written or spoken word.
  • High-context cultures interpret meaning from the situation, body language, and relationships.
  • Monochronic cultures do one thing at a time.
  • Polychronic cultures work on many things at once.
  • Proxemics is the study of how people use space to communicate.

Tight and Loose Cultures

  • Tight cultures have strong and clear social norms, expecting members to conform.
  • Loose cultures have relaxed social norms, tolerating deviations.

Values and National Cultures

  • Power distance is the degree to which society accepts unequal distribution of power.
  • Individualism–collectivism is the degree to which society emphasizes individual accomplishments versus group interests.
  • Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which a society is uncomfortable with risk and change.
  • Masculinity–femininity is the degree to which a society values assertiveness and materialism versus feelings and quality of life.
  • Time orientation is the degree to which a society emphasizes short-term versus long-term goals.

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