Understanding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Study Notes

GMOs are organisms created through genetic engineering.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines GMOs as organisms with altered genetic material (DNA).
GMOs include plants, animals, and microorganisms.
GMOs are suggested as promising solutions to problems like food security and environmental pollution.
However, their impact on health and the environment is still a subject of debate.

GMOs are among the promising solutions for food security and environmental pollution.
However, controversies surrounding GMOs and their impact on human health and environment exist.

A genetically modified organism (GMO) results from genetic engineering.
The genetic material of an organism is altered in ways that do not occur naturally
This alteration can be through mating or natural recombination.

Extracting and isolating DNA from bacteria
Cloning and designing specific genes
Transforming the extracted genes into plant cells/tissues to genetically modify plants.

Rosalie Ellasus, a Filipino farmer, introduced Bt corn, a genetically modified crop, in 2001.
Genetic engineering has existed since selective breeding and animal domestication.
The term "genetic engineering" was coined in 1951 by Jack Williamson.
In the mid-1990s, the first genetically engineered crops for human consumption were introduced.
Currently, corn, sugar beets, and soybeans constitute a large portion of the genetically modified crops available globally.

GMO crops demonstrate resistance to specific pests, like Bt Corn to corn borers.
GM papaya is resistant to the papaya ring spot virus
Certain plants can withstand herbicides like Roundup-Ready soybeans.
GMO crops can be fortified with minerals (e.g., Golden Rice for vitamin A)
GMOs can exhibit improved cosmetic qualities, delaying discoloration.
GMOs are sometimes developed to exhibit higher growth rates.

Gene flow from GMO crops to wild organisms, causing potential harm to bacteria or fungi.
GMO crops may lead to resistance to certain pesticides and herbicides, causing secondary pests and weeds.
GMOs may lead to the recombination of viruses or bacteria and produce pathogens that might affect humans.

GMO introduction into the environment may disrupt natural communities, potentially posing risks as pests.
GMOs could potentially disrupt biochemical cycles in the environment.
The persistence of GMO genes after harvest might have long-term consequences for consumers.
Altering agriculture practices may lead to biodiversity issues and weed/pest resistance.

GMO consumption may have negative effects because they aren't naturally produced.
GMO consumption might affect the balance of microorganisms in the human digestive system.
GMOs might produce toxins or allergens.

GMOs in the Philippines faced similar debates and concerns as seen globally regarding biosafety.
The National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) was formed.
GMO guidelines were developed for release and potential harmful exotic species.
2002: Regulations for the importation and environmental release of GMOs in plants.
The Philippines became one of the first Asian countries to allow commercial GMO cultivation.

Genetic engineering extends life
GMO use in agriculture and medicine is progressing, but controversies persist regarding the long-term effects on health and the environment.
GMO controversies continue given the advantages and disadvantages, the short-term and long-term effects, and the debate over their use.