Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age do children typically start showing beginnings of gender typed preferences?
At what age do children typically start showing beginnings of gender typed preferences?
- 36 months
- 24 months
- 18 months (correct)
- 12 months
Which concept refers to the societal expectations regarding how individuals should behave based on their gender?
Which concept refers to the societal expectations regarding how individuals should behave based on their gender?
- Sexual Orientation
- Gender Stereotypes
- Gender Identity
- Gender Roles (correct)
What is the primary influence on the development of gender identity in children according to environmental theories?
What is the primary influence on the development of gender identity in children according to environmental theories?
- Random social interactions
- Biological factors exclusively
- Genetic predisposition
- Cultural norms and reinforcement (correct)
At what age do children typically develop knowledge of their own gender?
At what age do children typically develop knowledge of their own gender?
How do gender stereotypes affect perceptions of abilities in males and females?
How do gender stereotypes affect perceptions of abilities in males and females?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'gender identity'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'gender identity'?
What does the term 'morphological sex' refer to?
What does the term 'morphological sex' refer to?
Which factor is considered least likely to influence gender development according to evolutionary theories?
Which factor is considered least likely to influence gender development according to evolutionary theories?
What is the term for the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time, which is typically developed by age 5?
What is the term for the understanding that one's gender remains the same over time, which is typically developed by age 5?
Which of the following is a biological explanation for gender differences in behavior?
Which of the following is a biological explanation for gender differences in behavior?
What behavioral effect is associated with males who are deprived of prenatal testosterone compared to their counterparts?
What behavioral effect is associated with males who are deprived of prenatal testosterone compared to their counterparts?
Which cognitive ability is suggested to be influenced by sex differences in brain structure due to hormonal exposure during development?
Which cognitive ability is suggested to be influenced by sex differences in brain structure due to hormonal exposure during development?
According to evolutionary theories, what societal roles may explain the behavioral differences between men and women?
According to evolutionary theories, what societal roles may explain the behavioral differences between men and women?
What role does testosterone play in spatial ability according to the content?
What role does testosterone play in spatial ability according to the content?
What does the concept of 'Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia' relate to in terms of gender differences?
What does the concept of 'Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia' relate to in terms of gender differences?
What is a major factor in the anatomical differences between male and female brains according to the content?
What is a major factor in the anatomical differences between male and female brains according to the content?
Which of the following behaviors is considered biologically predisposed in males?
Which of the following behaviors is considered biologically predisposed in males?
What is one way that environmental influences on gender roles can manifest in children?
What is one way that environmental influences on gender roles can manifest in children?
How did the labeling of the game affect children's enjoyment according to Montemayor's study?
How did the labeling of the game affect children's enjoyment according to Montemayor's study?
What was the primary finding regarding children's performance based on game labeling in Montemayor's research?
What was the primary finding regarding children's performance based on game labeling in Montemayor's research?
In the context of environmental influences on gender, what did Morrongiello & Dawber find about mothers' communications?
In the context of environmental influences on gender, what did Morrongiello & Dawber find about mothers' communications?
How did mothers' treatment differ between male and female infants in Smith & Lloyd's study?
How did mothers' treatment differ between male and female infants in Smith & Lloyd's study?
What was the result of gender labeling on parents' behavior, according to Smith & Lloyd?
What was the result of gender labeling on parents' behavior, according to Smith & Lloyd?
What is suggested by the findings of Weisner & Silson-Mitchell regarding parents' beliefs about gender?
What is suggested by the findings of Weisner & Silson-Mitchell regarding parents' beliefs about gender?
What role do parents play in the gender socialization of children, based on the studies mentioned?
What role do parents play in the gender socialization of children, based on the studies mentioned?
What was a common communication pattern observed for sons compared to daughters?
What was a common communication pattern observed for sons compared to daughters?
What does the research suggest about the impact of game labeling on children's risk-taking behavior?
What does the research suggest about the impact of game labeling on children's risk-taking behavior?
Which factor contributed to the differences in how parents treated boys and girls in the studies?
Which factor contributed to the differences in how parents treated boys and girls in the studies?
In Montemayor's games study, what specific age group was targeted?
In Montemayor's games study, what specific age group was targeted?
What implication does the communication pattern of parents have on children's development?
What implication does the communication pattern of parents have on children's development?
How do environmental factors influence children’s perceptions of gender roles?
How do environmental factors influence children’s perceptions of gender roles?
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Study Notes
Knowledge of Gender
- Children show preference for same-sex toys and friends; their ability to assign gender to pictures is limited.
- By age 5, children begin to understand gender constancy, recognizing that gender remains the same despite changes in appearance or context.
Biological Explanations for Gender Differences
- Developing brains are influenced by male sex hormones, affecting behavior.
- Prenatal testosterone exposure in females can lead to increased "male-like" behavior (Gandelman, Vom Saal, & Reinisch, 1977).
- Males who are deprived of prenatal testosterone tend to exhibit more female-typical behaviors (Ward, 1972).
Physical Aggression and Brain Anatomy
- Physical aggression is viewed as biologically predisposed in males.
- Brain anatomy reveals sex differences attributed to different hormone exposure patterns during development.
- Testosterone is linked to spatial abilities; variations in testosterone levels can impact cognitive abilities in both genders.
Evolutionary Theories
- Suggest that men and women have evolved with different behavioral traits based on societal roles, such as women engaging in fine coordination tasks at home.
Sex Versus Gender
- Genetic Sex: Determined by the presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes.
- Morphological Sex: Physical characteristics associated with gender.
- Gender Identity: An individual’s personal sense of being male or female.
- Gender Roles: Societal expectations regarding behaviors of men and women.
- Gender Stereotypes: Common beliefs attributing certain traits and behaviors to either males or females.
Development of Gender
- At 18 months, children start developing gender-typed preferences.
- By age 3, they gain knowledge of their own gender.
- Gender-appropriate and neutral games are more enjoyable for children (Montemayor, 1974).
Environmental Explanations for Gender Behavior
- Parents significantly influence gender socialization, with variations in communication styles affecting children's behavior.
- Parents tend to communicate directives more with sons and provide fewer explanations, promoting greater risk-taking in boys and perceived vulnerability in girls.
- In experimental settings, mothers treated infants differently based on manipulated gender labels, even without differences in appearance or behavior (Smith & Lloyd, 1978).
Impact of Parental Socialization
- Parents who reject traditional gender roles typically raise children who exhibit fewer gender stereotypes in attitudes and behaviors (Weisner & Silson-Mitchell, 1990).
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