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Understanding Gender Bias in Health Disorders

"Gender Bias in Psychological and Physical Disorders" Quiz: Test your knowledge on the gender disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and physical health conditions. Explore the impact of gender bias on disorders such as Histrionic Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, PTSD, and physical health issues. Gain insight into the complexities of gender bias in clinical practice and its effects on trauma and mental health in women.

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Questions and Answers

Which type of leadership style involves establishing oneself as a role model and encouraging followers to develop their own potential?

Transformational Leadership

What does the term 'Glass Ceiling' refer to in the context of the world of work?

Invisible institutional barriers preventing qualified women from entering executive levels of corporations

Which term describes low-status jobs with little opportunity for advancement, especially true of stereotypically female jobs?

Sticky Floor

What type of discrimination is characterized by discrimination in hiring patterns?

<p>Access Discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

In geriatric rehabilitation settings, older women are perceived as:

<p>Less competent and independent than older men</p> Signup and view all the answers

The delayed onset of PTSD in trauma survivors has been attributed to:

<p>Loss of family &amp; friends, isolation, aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

In care, men physicians tend to refer fewer women patients to cardiologists than women physicians due to:

<p>Strong belief that cardiovascular diseases are almost exclusively masculine disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, which factor is attributed to the misdiagnosis of seniors with PTSD?

<p>Studies documenting PTSD misdiagnosed as organic brain disorder and dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Older adults can internalize ageist stereotypes throughout their lives and can relate that to themselves. This process is known as:

<p>Self-stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

The health and well-being of older Black women in the Greater Toronto Area are influenced by:

<p>Gender bias, racism, abuse, and retirement later in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to chronic stress greatly impacted the mental health of older Black women and was perceived to have caused chronic illnesses such as:

<p>Hypertension, diabetes, and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

The authors argue that therapeutic work is a solution to fostering positive attitudes about:

<p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

Longitudinal evidence is mounting that illustrates the health benefits of positive attitudes toward:

<p>Aging and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

The delayed onset of PTSD in trauma survivors has been attributed to a variety of factors, except:

<p>Stereotype threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Older women are perceived as less competent and independent than older men in:

<p>Geriatric rehabilitation settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

The health effects of income are perceived differently by the identities defined at the intersection of:

<p>Race and gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the hierarchical job separation where men tend to hold higher positions than women?

<p>Vertical segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the contradiction between female gender roles and leadership positions?

<p>Role incongruity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe occupations like administrative assistants, nurses, and teachers, which are dominated by women?

<p>Pink collar occupations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals behave in a manner consistent with a norm of behavior?

<p>Social norms theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach aims to make it illegal for employers to discriminate against workers with family responsibilities?

<p>Discrimination approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to persist for the next 70 years globally, according to the text?

<p>Gender pay gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country offers ample parental leave, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Sweden</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can neglect on children lead to, according to the text?

<p>Substance abuse and PTSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of trauma has different characteristics and perpetrators, such as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy?

<p>Interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for widely and persistently held beliefs contributing to acceptance of rape myths?

<p>Rape myths</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leave policies does the USA lack, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Paternal leave</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to women in low-paying jobs and men in high-paying jobs?

<p>Occupational segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is more commonly diagnosed in young, lower-class males?

<p>Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is more frequently diagnosed in females, with 85% of patients having a history of abuse?

<p>Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trauma survivors received higher diagnostic ratings of BPD compared to males?

<p>Female trauma survivors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is less prone to gender bias than the DSM, although gender bias occurred for the diagnosis of HPD and APD?

<p>The Five-Factor Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder may be underdiagnosed in females, and black children are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD/learning disabilities?

<p>Autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with BPD compared to heterosexual individuals, with the highest diagnostic disparity for bisexual patients?

<p>LGBTQ individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group has higher rates of breast cancer at a young age, diabetes, and stroke?

<p>Black women</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is significantly less likely to be correctly diagnosed with a heart attack than men?

<p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is 33% more likely to die from HIV, possibly due to later diagnosis and poor access to health resources?

<p>Women</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with greater psychological symptoms for sexual assault survivors?

<p>Experiencing both child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among women?

<p>Cyber-sexual violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is significantly associated with emotion regulation difficulties and current PTSD in incarcerated women?

<p>Cumulative trauma exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is related to greater psychological symptoms for sexual assault survivors according to Frazier’s research?

<p>Behavioral and self-blame</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with difficulties in attention and concentration, and changes in systems of meaning in women?

<p>PTSD symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with coercion and threats to family responsibilities in women?

<p>Incarceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more likely to lead to psychological symptoms and difficulty coping in incarcerated women?

<p>Cumulative trauma exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with over-representation of women in the mental health system?

<p>Diagnostic gender bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with differential rates of psychological disorders?

<p>Diagnostic gender bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with changes in character and systems of meaning in women?

<p>PTSD symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with coercion and threats to family responsibilities in women, making them more compliant to suggestions of police?

<p>Incarceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with difficulties with attention and concentration, and somatization in women?

<p>PTSD symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Gender Bias in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Psychological and Physical Disorders

  • Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) and Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) are more likely to be diagnosed in young, single, white, middle-class women.
  • Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD) is more commonly diagnosed in young, lower-class males.
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is often diagnosed in middle-aged, white males.
  • Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is more frequently diagnosed in females, with 85% of BPD patients having a history of abuse.
  • A study found that female trauma survivors received higher diagnostic ratings of BPD than male trauma survivors.
  • Psychologists gave higher diagnostic ratings of BPD than psychiatrists.
  • Race bias occurs in the diagnosis of conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, PTSD, and eating disorders.
  • The Five-Factor Model is less prone to gender bias than the DSM, although gender bias occurred for the diagnosis of HPD and APD.
  • Autism may be underdiagnosed in females, and black children are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD/learning disabilities.
  • LGBTQ individuals are more likely to be diagnosed with BPD than heterosexual individuals, with the highest diagnostic disparity for bisexual compared to heterosexual patients.
  • Black women have higher rates of breast cancer at a young age, diabetes, and stroke.
  • Women are significantly less likely to be correctly diagnosed with a heart attack than men, and women are 33% more likely to die from HIV, possibly due to later diagnosis and poor access to health resources.

Gender Bias and Trauma in Women's Mental Health

  • Battered women develop an ‘illusion of control’ and are typically punished for being independent.
  • Individuals who report both child sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual assault (ASA) experience more PTSD symptoms and are more likely to use drugs and alcohol.
  • Frazier’s research shows that behavioral and self-blame are related to greater psychological symptoms for sexual assault survivors.
  • Cyber-sexual violence, such as online sexual harassment and cyber-stalking, is associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among women.
  • Incarcerated women in Canadian correctional systems are more likely to have psychological symptoms, difficulty coping, and involvement with child protective services.
  • Reasons for entering the sex trade include substance abuse, history of abuse, coercion, and choice, with most sex workers having been assaulted in their lives and being at a high risk of murder.
  • PTSD symptoms in women include intrusive re-experiencing of trauma, avoidance behaviors, difficulties with attention and concentration, somatization, chronic changes in character, and changes in systems of meaning.
  • Women are subject to pressures such as coercion and threats to family responsibilities, making them more compliant to suggestions of police, and more likely to make false confessions than men.
  • Cumulative trauma exposure is significantly associated with emotion regulation difficulties and current PTSD in incarcerated women.
  • Gender differences exist in the expression of antisocial behavior, with men being more irritable and reckless, and women being more impulsive and lacking remorse.
  • There is a sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with women being rated higher for applicability of the BPD diagnosis than men.
  • Gender bias in clinical practice includes etiological gender bias, sampling bias, and diagnostic gender bias, resulting in differential rates of psychological disorders and over-representation of women in the mental health system.

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