3. eye tracking

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Questions and Answers

What is the main idea behind eye-tracking?

To record individuals’ eye(s) as they are presented with stimuli to explore cognitive processes as they unfold.

What are the main functions of cones and rods in the human visual system?

Cones are responsible for color vision in well-illuminated conditions, while rods are responsible for black and white vision in low-light conditions.

Why do psychologists care about eye-tracking?

Psychologists care about eye-tracking because it provides insights into human visual attention and cognitive processes.

What is the purpose of using gaze-contingent paradigms in the context of reading?

To reveal how patterns change depending on the amount of information that can be processed. Signup and view all the answers

What do change detection tasks involve, and why can they be difficult?

Change detection tasks involve looking at a scene and detecting changes, which can be difficult even when viewers inspect an image for a long time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of parafoveal processing?

Parafoveal processing allows individuals to determine what they focus on in their visual field. Signup and view all the answers

What are the average duration of fixations and the characteristics of drift and microsaccades?

The average duration of fixations is 200-300 ms. Drift and microsaccades are slow movements away from and back to the center of a fixation. Signup and view all the answers

How can pupil size be used as a measure in research, and what are the operationalisations of eye-tracking?

Pupil size can reflect cognitive effort and can be used as a measure in research. Operationalisations of eye-tracking include scan paths, bee swarm, and heatmaps. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key measures of interest in natural reading when using eye-tracking?

Fixations (duration, place) Signup and view all the answers

What are the disadvantages of using eye-tracking research?

Expensive Signup and view all the answers

Name two basic eye events that are key measures in eye-tracking research.

Fixations, saccades Signup and view all the answers

In what real-life contexts can eye-tracking research be applied?

Driving, using head-mounted eye-trackers Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using virtual reality in eye-tracking research?

Enables predictions in more naturalistic settings Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixation

When eye stops Signup and view all the answers

What are saccades and how long do they last?

Those jerky movments in between fixations, 30-80ms Signup and view all the answers

Where is the vision the sharpest?

In fovea Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eye-tracking is a non-invasive technique used to study cognitive processes, particularly in the context of reading and language comprehension.
Natural reading: fixations (duration, place) are key measures of interest, with longer durations and smaller saccades for more difficult texts.
Natural Environment: eye-tracking research can be applied in various real-life contexts, such as driving, using head-mounted eye-trackers.
Virtual reality: allows for rich visual and immersive scenes, enabling predictions in more naturalistic settings.
Basic eye events: fixations, saccades, blinks, pursuits, and pupil size are key measures in eye-tracking research.
Advantages: versatile, non-invasive, and applicable in many areas, both inside and outside of psychology. Disadvantages: can be expensive and may have limited ecological validity.
Applicable researchers and studies: Allopenna et al. (1998), Altmann & Kamide (1999), Arnold et al. (2004), Balk et al. (2006), Castelhano et al. (2009), Clifton et al. (2007), Cooper (1974), Cop et al. (2017), Eichert et al. (2018), Grodner et al. (2010), Henderson (2003), Huettig et al. (2011), Ito et al. (2018), Javal (1879), Matin et al. (1993), McConkie & Currie (1996), McConkie & Rayner (1975), Mathôt et al. (2017), Papoutsaki et al. (2017), Pickering et al. (2004), Porretta & Tucker (2019), Rayner (1975), Rayner & Bertera (1979), Rensink (2002), and Siegelman et al. (2022).
Eye-tracking research has a long history, with contributions from various researchers and studies in the fields of psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience.

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Description

Explore the use of gaze-contingent paradigms in research, particularly in investigating foveal and parafoveal processing, perceptual span, and their relevance in neurological and psychiatric disorders and development. Learn about how the presentation of stimuli is contingent on participants' eye fixation and the absence of overt participant response.