Understanding Fluid Dynamics

• Fluids are substances capable of flow and adapting to the shape of their container.
• Liquids such as water and oil are fluids.
• Gases such as air are fluids.

Particle Theory and Flow

• Solids cannot flow because their particles are tightly packed, allowing only vibration.
• Fluids (liquids and gases) flow due to greater spaces between particles, enabling movement.

Fluids in the Human Body

• Blood transports oxygen and nutrients.
• Saliva aids in food breakdown.
• Sweat cools the body.
• Stomach acid breaks down consumed substances.

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

• Laminar flow is smooth and parallel with low resistance, like water in a straight pipe.
• Turbulent flow is irregular and chaotic, with high resistance, like whitewater rafting.

Flow Rate

• Flow rate measures the amount of fluid moving past a point per unit of time.
• Flow rate is measured in units such as mL per second (mL/s) and liters per minute (L/m).

Volume and Particle Theory

• Liquids maintain a fixed volume while conforming to the shape of their container.
• 10 mL of liquid will not fill a 20 mL container because it lacks sufficient volume.

Main Statements of the Particle Theory

• All matter consists of tiny particles.
• Spaces exist between particles.
• Particles are in constant motion.
• Particles are attracted to each other.
• Temperature influences particle movement.

Aerodynamics vs. Hydrodynamics

• Aerodynamics studies how gases move around objects.
• Hydrodynamics studies how liquids move.
• Car designs use aerodynamics to reduce air resistance.
• Sports equipment uses aerodynamics to streamline helmets and bicycles.

Viscosity and Flow Rate

• Higher viscosity results in lower flow rate.
• Honey flows slower than water due to its higher viscosity.

Fluids in the Food Industry

• Beverage production requires managing flow during bottling.
• Cooking and processing involves managing viscosity in sauces and dairy.
• Packaging involves controlling liquid flow into containers.

Streamlining

• Streamlining reduces air resistance and increases speed through smooth design.
• Cyclists wear streamlined helmets to reduce air resistance and increase speed.

Concrete-Lined Waterways

• Concrete-lined waterways prevent erosion and control water flow.
• Concrete-lined waterways can harm ecosystems.
• Eco-friendly materials represent the best approach for waterways.

Importance of Fluids

• Water is essential for hydration and survival.
• Blood is essential for oxygen transport.
• Air is essential for breathing and temperature regulation.

Temperature and Flow Rate

• Warmer fluids flow faster due to increased particle movement, which lowers viscosity.
• Warm honey flows faster than cold honey because of higher temperatures.

Factors Affecting Fluid Flow

• Viscosity: Higher viscosity = slower flow.
• Temperature: Higher temperature = faster flow.
• Pressure: Higher pressure = faster flow.

Adhesion and Cohesion

• High adhesion combined with high cohesion results in slow flow.
• Syrup sticks to surfaces and flows slowly due to high adhesion and cohesion.
• Adhesion occurs when a liquid sticks to a surface.
• Cohesion occurs when a liquid sticks to itself.

Fluid Mechanics & Dynamics

• Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest and in motion.
• Fluid dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics focused on fluid movement.