Understanding Ethics and Filipino Identity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of meta-ethics?

  • Examining moral theories that guide actions.
  • Analyzing legal frameworks related to morality.
  • Applying moral theories to practical situations.
  • Studying the meaning of moral concepts. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the deductive model of moral decision-making?

  • Beginning with specific experiences to form a general belief.
  • Ignoring rules and following your feelings.
  • Balancing different moral beliefs to reach a compromise.
  • Applying a general rule to a specific situation. (correct)

Moral relativism poses which challenge to ethical frameworks?

  • The challenge that religion should dictate moral laws.
  • The challenge that there is always one universal right and wrong.
  • The challenge that legal standards are always morally correct.
  • The challenge that morality is inherently subjective and varies across cultures. (correct)

According to the concept of 'loob' in Filipino ethics, what does it represent?

<p>Our hidden feelings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Tambalang-Lapit', what does 'Dibdib-Puso' represent?

<p>Heart reflects emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is part of the mnemonic 'ICICLE' that defines Filipino Philosophy?

<p>Culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Wei-Wu-Wei' in Daoism?

<p>Acting naturally, without forcing things. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Confucianism, what does 'Ren' primarily emphasize?

<p>Being kind to others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal in Hinduism, as described in the provided text?

<p>Breaking the cycle of rebirth (Moksha). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Buddhism, what is the primary cause of suffering?

<p>Desires (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Golden Mean' in Virtue Ethics?

<p>Balancing between two extremes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central tenet of Deontology as described in the provided text?

<p>Following moral rules, regardless of consequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Greatest Happiness Principle' in Utilitarianism?

<p>Creating the most pleasure and least pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical approach prioritizes character over specific actions?

<p>Virtue Ethics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory suggests that lying is acceptable if it benefits more people than it harms?

<p>Utilitarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework aligns with the principle of letting things happen naturally?

<p>Daoism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework would most likely emphasize respecting parents and fulfilling responsibilities?

<p>Confucianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'Dharma' represent in Hinduism?

<p>Your duty in life based on your social role. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical framework suggests that letting go of material desires leads to peace?

<p>Buddhism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Ethics from Values Education?

<p>Ethics questions why an action is right or wrong, while Values Education teaches right vs. wrong. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Applied Ethics differ from Normative Ethics?

<p>Applied Ethics focuses on real-life situations, while Normative Ethics guides actions through moral theories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental critique of the Deductive Model in moral decision-making?

<p>It fails to consider specific circumstances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the Reflective Equilibrium Model differ from the Deductive Model of moral decision-making?

<p>It builds a moral belief system from specific experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the challenge presented by Moral Relativism?

<p>An action considered ethical in one culture is deemed unethical in another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical question arises when considering 'Morality vs. Religion' as a challenge in ethics?

<p>Are moral laws separate from religious beliefs? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant ethical concern when considering 'Morality vs. Law'?

<p>Is everything legal also moral? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Filipino concept of 'Lalim' contribute to understanding Filipino identity?

<p>It embodies true, inner self not always visible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical consideration aligns with Utilitarianism?

<p>Choosing actions that maximize overall societal happiness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a person practicing Virtue Ethics approach a moral dilemma?

<p>By striving to embody virtuous traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of seeking knowledge (Zhi) in Confucian ethics?

<p>It is an important element for one's social duty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a scenario where a person lies to protect someone from harm. How would a follower of Deontology and a follower of Utilitarianism differ in their evaluation of this action?

<p>The deontologist would not approve because lying is inherently wrong, while the utilitarian would approve if it led to the best overall outcome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the concept of 'Karma' influence a Hindu's ethical decision-making process in their daily life?

<p>It prompts them to carefully consider the long-term effects of their actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a society governed strictly by Utilitarian principles, how would the rights of a minority group likely be protected?

<p>Their rights would be at risk if suppressing them maximized overall happiness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a culture steeped in Daoist philosophy encountering a crisis that demands immediate, decisive action. How might they reconcile their values with the necessities of governance?

<p>They might try to find the most natural and least disruptive approach to resolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the emphasis on 'following your role in society' in Confucianism both support and hinder social progress?

<p>It supports progress by reinforcing values, but hinders progress by discouraging questioning of social norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is facing a moral dilemma where following a deeply ingrained cultural tradition would cause harm to an individual. Which ethical theory would provide the most nuanced framework for navigating this conflict?

<p>Virtue Ethics, allowing for consideration of both character and context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a scenario where a company discovers that a new product, while highly profitable, has a small chance of causing serious harm to a few consumers. From the perspective of each of the ethical theories, how would they respond? (Select all that apply)

<p>A utilitarian would calculate the overall happiness, and consider releasing the product. (A), A deontologist would need to consider the rule. 'Do no harm' and if the product will definitely cause harm the company wouldn't release the product. (B), Applied ethics have to be used to follow regulations, so the theories would have to respect this. (C), A virtue ethicist would consider the companies impact on individuals and may be more hesitant to release the product. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethics

The study of morality, distinguishing right from wrong.

Meta-Ethics

Studies the meaning and foundation of moral concepts.

Normative Ethics

Examines moral theories guiding actions and behavior.

Applied Ethics

Applies moral theories to real-life situations and practical issues.

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Deductive Model

Starts with a general rule then applies it to a specific situation.

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Reflective Equilibrium Model

Starts with specific experiences, then builds a moral belief.

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Moral Relativism

What is considered right in one culture may not be in another.

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Morality vs. Religion

Are moral laws separate and distinct from religious beliefs?

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Morality vs. Law

Is everything legal also moral?

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Labas (Outside)

How Filipinos behave in public.

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Loob (Inside)

Our hidden feelings (Filipino Studies).

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Lalim (Depth)

Our true self (Filipino Studies).

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Mukha-Isip

Appearance reflects thoughts.

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Dibdib-Puso

Heart reflects emotions.

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Tiyan-Bituka

Stomach reflects desires.

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Ideology (Filipino)

Shapes Filipino beliefs.

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Culture (Filipino)

Uses local concepts.

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Individual Experience (Filipino)

Based on real-life situations.

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Citizenship (Filipino)

Created by Filipinos.

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Language (Filipino)

Uses the Filipino Language.

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Ethics (Filipino)

Guides Filipino morals.

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Follow Dao (The Way)

Living in harmony with nature.

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Wei-Wu-Wei

Act naturally, without forcing things.

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Yin & Yang

Life is a balance of opposites.

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Ren (Humanity)

Be kind to others.

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Yi (Duty)

Fulfill your social role.

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Li (Propriety)

Show proper manners and behavior.

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Zhi (Wisdom)

Seek knowledge.

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Xin (Integrity)

Be trustworthy.

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Dharma (Hinduism)

Your duty in life.

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Karma (Hinduism)

Your actions affect your future.

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Samsara

Cycle of rebirth.

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Moksha

Liberation from rebirth.

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Nirvana

State of enlightenment, freedom from suffering

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Virtue Ethics

Focus on the character instead of just actions.

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Golden Mean

Balance between two extremes.

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Deontology

Actions are right if they follow moral rules.

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Categorical Imperative

Act as if your behavior should become a universal law.

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Utilitarianism

The best action brings the most happiness to most people.

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Greatest Happiness Principle

Choose actions that create the most pleasure and least pain.

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Study Notes

  • Ethics involves the study of morality, which questions what is right versus wrong.

Three Approaches in Ethics

  • Meta-Ethics studies the meaning of moral concepts
  • Normative Ethics examines moral theories that guide actions
  • Applied Ethics applies moral theories to real-life situations like business and medicine

Moral Decision-Making Models

  • The Deductive Model begins with a general rule and applies it to a specific situation
  • The Reflective Equilibrium Model starts with experiences and builds a moral belief

Challenges in Ethics

  • Moral Relativism involves the idea that what is considered right in one culture may not be in another.
  • Morality is questioned as separate from religious beliefs
  • As well as morality being questioned as separate from laws

Pilipinolohiya (Filipino Studies)

  • Filipino identity is compared to a "banga" (clay jar) with three parts
  • The three parts of a Filipino Identity are: Labas (how one behaves in public), Loob (hidden feelings), and Lalim (one's true self)
  • Tambalang-Lapit (Paired Concepts) include Mukha-Isip (appearance reflects thoughts), Dibdib-Puso (heart reflects emotions), and Tiyan-Bituka (stomach reflects desires).

Pilosopiyang Pilipino (Filipino Philosophy)

  • Describes the unique Filipino way of thinking
  • Six Factors of Filipino Philosophy (ICICLE mnemonic): Ideology, Culture, Individual experience, Citizenship, Language, and Ethics

Daoism (China)

  • Daoism involves "going with the flow"
  • Following Dao is the way, and means following harmony within nature
  • Wei-Wu-Wei means action through inaction, which is acting naturally, without forcing things
  • Yin & Yang - Life is a balance of opposites (Ex: dark/light, cold/hot)

Confucianism (China)

  • Involves following your role in society with five key virtues
  • The five key virtues are: Ren (humanity), Yi (duty), Li (propriety), Zhi (wisdom), and Xin (integrity)

Hinduism (India)

  • Involves following your dharma
  • Dharma is your duty in life, based on your social role
  • Karma means your actions affect your future
  • Samsara is the cycle of rebirth
  • Moksha is liberation from rebirth, the ultimate goal

Buddhism (India)

  • Involves eliminating suffering and the Four Noble Truths
  • The Four Noble Truths are: life is suffering, suffering comes from desires, to end suffering, eliminate desires and follow the Eightfold Path
  • Nirvana is a state of enlightenment, freedom from suffering

Virtue Ethics

  • Virtue Ethics focuses on being a good person, rather than just doing just actions
  • This involves focusing on character instead of just actions
  • The goal is to find the Golden Mean, which balances between two extremes (Ex: courage is between recklessness and cowardice)

Deontology

  • Involves following the rules, regardless of the consequences
  • Actions are considered right if they follow moral rules
  • Categorical Imperative states to act as if your behavior should become a universal law
  • Involves treating others as ends, not as means (don't use people)

Utilitarianism

  • Goal is to maximize happiness
  • The best action is the one that brings the most happiness to the most people
  • The Greatest Happiness Principle involves choosing actions that create the most pleasure and least pain

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