Understanding English Tenses

Tense refers to the grammatical markings on verbs indicating time relative to speaking or other situations.
Time reference is linked to meaning; events can be placed in the past, present, or future context.
English features three main tenses: present, past, and future, with present and past having inflectional markings.
The future tense is indicated with modals "will" or "shall" alongside the base form of the verb.

Aspect reflects how an event is viewed or experienced.
It can signify if an event is a complete whole (simple), has occurred earlier (perfect), or is currently ongoing (progressive).
Example: "Noel has attended the review classes." (perfect), "Now he is studying for the LET exam." (progressive).

English has 12 tense-aspect categories combining simple, perfect, progressive, and perfect progressive forms.
Present tense forms:
- Simple: dream/dreams
- Perfect: has/have dreamed
- Progressive: am/is/are dreaming
- Perfect Progressive: has/have been dreaming
Past tense forms:
- Simple: dreamed
- Perfect: had dreamed
- Progressive: was/were dreaming
- Perfect Progressive: had been dreaming
Future tense forms:
- Simple: will/shall dream
- Perfect: will/shall have dreamed
- Progressive: will/shall be dreaming
- Perfect Progressive: will/shall have been dreaming

To emphasize the timing of actions, adjuncts of time (adverbs, noun groups, or prepositional phrases) are used.
Examples include:
- Adverb: "She’s coming tomorrow."
- Noun group: "Results of the examination were released last week."
- Prepositional phrase: "He will feel relieved after the exam."

The simple aspect describes complete wholes or constant states.
Simple Present usage:
- Expresses thoughts or feelings in the current moment: "I’m terribly busy."
- Describes a settled state of affairs: "He lives in Sagada."
- Has four inflections for different verb forms.

Third person singular present tense verbs take the {-s} suffix.
Simple past tense verbs use {-ed} inflection.
Past participles are marked by {-en}, while present participles have {-ing}.
Past tense inflection has three allomorphs based on the final sound of the base verb.

Intransitive Verbs: Do not take an object (e.g., "Flowers bloom.")
Transitive Verbs: Require a direct object (e.g., "Flowers need water and sunlight.")
Ditransitive Verbs: Take both direct and indirect objects (e.g., "Alex gave his girlfriend three red roses.")
Linking/Copula Verbs: Connect subject to complement (e.g., "Roses are lovely Valentine's Day gifts.")
Complex Transitive Verbs: Relationships between direct objects and complements (e.g., "They chose Niña, muse of the team.")
Prepositional Verbs: Require a prepositional phrase to complete meaning (e.g., "We looked at the pictures taken during our graduation.")

Tense indicates the time of an action, while aspect provides context on the nature of the action.
Understanding these concepts is essential for proper English verb usage and sentence structure.