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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of culture as provided by E.B. Tylor?
What is the definition of culture as provided by E.B. Tylor?
- 'that complex whole which encompasses physical objects and systems'
- 'a system of laws and governance that binds society together'
- 'that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society' (correct)
- 'a collection of tangible items and technologies used by society'
Which of the following examples illustrates material culture?
Which of the following examples illustrates material culture?
- Language and symbols
- Beliefs about morality
- Social norms and values
- Artworks and tools (correct)
What are folkways in the context of cultural norms?
What are folkways in the context of cultural norms?
- Moral obligations that dictate right from wrong
- The legal standards enforced by law
- Habitual behaviors considered polite or rude (correct)
- Abstract ideas that guide individuals in society
Which element of culture is defined as shared ideas about what is right or wrong?
Which element of culture is defined as shared ideas about what is right or wrong?
What characterizes language as an element of culture?
What characterizes language as an element of culture?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of culture?
Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of culture?
In the context of culture, what do the mores represent?
In the context of culture, what do the mores represent?
The process of socialization includes which of the following aspects?
The process of socialization includes which of the following aspects?
Which term describes the process of a child learning and incorporating the culture of their society?
Which term describes the process of a child learning and incorporating the culture of their society?
What is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others called?
What is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others called?
Which term represents a strong belief that one's own culture is inferior to others?
Which term represents a strong belief that one's own culture is inferior to others?
What is the fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange called?
What is the fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange called?
Which approach to sociology focuses on the qualitative differences between societies?
Which approach to sociology focuses on the qualitative differences between societies?
What concept promotes the acceptance of cultural diversity within a society?
What concept promotes the acceptance of cultural diversity within a society?
What defines cultural sensitivity?
What defines cultural sensitivity?
Which of the following behaviors is considered a folkway?
Which of the following behaviors is considered a folkway?
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Study Notes
Understanding Culture
- Culture comprises beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and shared experiences within a society (E.B. Tylor, 1920).
- Material culture includes tangible objects such as houses, churches, tools, artworks, and toys.
- Non-material culture encompasses abstract ideas, including language, behaviors, beliefs, and values.
Elements of Culture
- Values: Shared standards defining right/wrong and good/bad behaviors.
- Beliefs: Accepted perceptions of reality.
- Norms: Rules of conduct that guide behaviors in society.
- Folkways: Habits distinguishing between rude and polite behaviors.
- Mores: Ethical standards determining right from wrong.
- Laws: Norms that are formally enacted and enforced.
- Symbols: Items that convey meaning or represent ideas.
- Language: A system of symbols for verbal and non-verbal communication.
Characteristics of Culture
- Culture is regarded as learned, symbolic, integrated, shared, and all-encompassing (E.B. Tylor, 1871).
Key Concepts
- Socialization: Lifelong process through which individuals learn society's values and actions.
- Enculturation: Process by which a child learns and integrates into their society's culture.
- Ethnocentrism: View that one’s own culture is superior to others (Kottak, 2012).
- Xenocentrism: Belief in the inferiority of one’s own culture compared to others.
- Xenophobia: Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange.
- Cultural Relativism: Understanding other cultures through their own standards and values; stresses the unique logic of each society (Eriksen, 2001).
- Multiculturalism: Acknowledgment and promotion of cultural diversity within society.
- Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness and acceptance of cultural differences, fostering critical engagement with diversity.
Societal Study Approaches
- Structural-Functional Approach: Examines societal functions and structures.
- Social-Conflict Approach: Focuses on power dynamics and conflicts within society.
- Symbolic Interaction Approach: Analyzes daily interactions and symbols in society.
- Macro and Micro Level of Analysis: Differentiates between broad societal patterns and individual interactions.
Quiz on Norms
- Identify the following behaviors based on norms (F=Folkway, M=Mores, L=Law):
- Murdering an enemy: M
- Saying "thank you": F
- Talking while someone else is talking: F
- Robbing a bank: L
- Taking illegal drugs: L
- Offering a seat to an elderly: F
- Wearing highly revealing clothes in church: M
- Following dress codes: F
- Living with a partner without marriage: M
- Eating prohibited food: M
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