CONSCIOUSNESS, UNCONSCIOUSNESS, SLEEP & EE
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Questions and Answers

Consciousness is best described as:

  • A state where a person is unaware of their surroundings
  • The ability to sense stimuli but not respond to them
  • A state of self-awareness, perception, response to stimuli, and judgment (correct)
  • The absence of perception or awareness

    • Which of the following is true regarding sleep? (Select one)

  • It is a pathological condition that always requires intervention
  • It is a state of altered consciousness that cycles in a 24-hour rhythm with wakefulness (correct)
  • It is characterized by irreversible loss of consciousness
  • It is defined as the complete absence of sensory perception

    • What is the primary clinical tool used for assessing the severity of coma?

  • MRI scan
  • Glasgow Coma Scale (correct)
  • EEG
  • Polysomnography

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of brain death?

    <p>Irreversible loss of brain activity, including brainstem reflexes and spontaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a persistent vegetative state?

    <p>Severe brain injury state with some wakefulness indicators but no detectable awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state might a patient show sleep-wake cycles but no awareness of their surroundings?

    <p>Persistent Vegetative State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a cause of coma?

    <p>Normal circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best differentiates a coma from a vegetative state?

    <p>Presence of sleep-wake cycles in a vegetative state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration range for a coma before a patient may progress to a different state, recover, or die?

    <p>A few days to a few weeks (2 - 5 weeks)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is NOT assessed in cases of suspected brain death?

    <p>Knee-jerk reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who exhibits fixed pupils, no corneal reflex, and no spontaneous breathing is likely to be diagnosed with:

    <p>Brain death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

    <p>Sleep/wakefulness cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is involved in regulating the circadian clock in humans?

    <p>Clock gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of an ultradian rhythm is:

    <p>REM/NREM sleep cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rhythms has a cycle longer than 24 hours?

    <p>Infradian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effect of jetlag on the human body is primarily due to disruption in which type of rhythm?

    <p>Circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone's secretion follows a circadian pattern, peaking in the early morning?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland in the brain secretes melatonin? A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal gland C. Pituitary gland D. Thalamus

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Melatonin secretion is highest during:

    <p>Nighttime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases melatonin production?

    <p>Longer nights in winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the REM stage of sleep?

    <p>Autonomic instability with varying heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often does the REM/NREM cycle repeat throughout a typical night?

    <p>Every 90 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sleep stage do heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature tend to fall?

    <p>Stage IV of NREM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dream recall is most commonly associated with which sleep stage?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sleep cycles does an average person experience in a typical night's sleep?

    <p>5-6 cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is also known as slow-wave sleep?

    <p>NREM Stages III-IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-wave sleep (NREM)?

    <p>Stable autonomic functions with decreased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct sequence of sleep stages in a typical 90-minute cycle?

    <p>Stage I → Stage II → Stage III → REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage serves as the transition from wakefulness to sleep?

    <p>Stage I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does the majority of sleep time occur in adults?

    <p>Stage II (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is known for its restorative, deep sleep and is also called slow-wave sleep?

    <p>Stage III (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does REM sleep typically occur?

    <p>After progressing through all NREM stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage are eye movements rapid, and dreams are most likely recalled?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is characterized by slower brain waves and is harder to awaken from? A. REM sleep B. Stage I (NREM) C. Stage II (NREM) D. Stage III (NREM)

    <p>Stage III (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sequence of sleep stages typically change through the night?

    <p>NREM stages shorten, and REM stages lengthen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is used to measure brain waves in clinical applications such as sleep studies and epilepsy monitoring?

    <p>Electroencephalogram (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The EEG rhythm associated with alert wakefulness, seen when a person is awake with eyes open, is:

    <p>Beta rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person is awake but has their eyes closed and is inattentive to the environment, what is the predominant EEG rhythm?

    <p>Alpha rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is associated with theta waves and is characterized by light sleep where the person can be easily awakened?

    <p>Stage 1 (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sleep stage do sleep spindles and K-complexes appear on the EEG?

    <p>Stage 2 (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delta waves are most prominent in which stages of sleep?

    <p>Stage 3 and Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following EEG patterns is characterized by fast, small amplitude waves similar to those seen in wakefulness but occurs during sleep?

    <p>REM sleep waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During REM sleep, what is typically observed on the EMG (Electromyograph)?

    <p>Muscle hypotonicity or flaccidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is associated with slow-rolling eye movements and theta waves?

    <p>Stage 1 (NREM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain waves are typically associated with the deepest stages of NREM sleep, where the person is very difficult to awaken?

    <p>Delta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain waves are typically seen when a person is awake but has their eyes closed and is in a relaxed state?

    <p>Alpha waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As people age, which of the following typically decreases regarding sleep? (Select one)

    <p>Duration of sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized benefit of sleep? (Select one)

    <p>Solidifies memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that sleep helps to "erase" unnecessary information from the brain?

    <p>&quot;Eraser&quot; theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep deprivation can lead to all of the following except:

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sleep phase is growth hormone primarily secreted, especially for healing and repair?

    <p>NREM/slow wave sleep, particularly between 10 pm and 2 am</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about REM sleep reduction? (Select one)

    <p>REM reduction occurs after consuming alcohol or nicotine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling the REM/NREM sleep cycle?

    <p>Reticular formation (RAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain controls the sleep/wake cycle?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the arousal pathways that maintain wakefulness?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes occurs during NREM/slow wave sleep in the arousal pathways?

    <p>Decreased firing of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about REM sleep? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Cholinergic neurons fire rapidly during REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling the REM/NREM sleep cycle?

    <p>Reticular formation (RAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycle?

    <p>Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is synthesized by cholinergic neurons and is crucial for maintaining wakefulness and alertness?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During NREM sleep, the activity of which type of neurons slows down, contributing to the transition into deep sleep?

    <p>Both cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?

    <p>Cholinergic neurons fire rapidly and monoaminergic neurons stop firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter, involved in wakefulness, is synthesized by monoaminergic neurons?

    <p>Noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sleep stage does the activity of cholinergic neurons increase, promoting brain activity associated with vivid dreams?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monoaminergic neurons during REM sleep?

    <p>They stop firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of sleep does the body experience muscle atonia (paralysis) due to the cessation of monoaminergic neuronal activity?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of monoaminergic neurons during wakefulness?

    <p>Maintaining cortical arousal and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Regulates circadian rhythms through light/dark input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is ablated?

    <p>It eliminates the sleep/wake cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Windpipe collapse during inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) is defined as:

    <p>Difficulty maintaining wakefulness and increased likelihood of falling asleep in unsuitable situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with cataplexy, an abrupt loss of muscle tone without loss of awareness?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of narcolepsy?

    <p>Sleep paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A frequent cause of sleep apnea is associated with which condition?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder is characterized by the brain's failure to properly signal the muscles, leading to difficulty breathing during sleep?

    <p>Sleep apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which disorder does the individual experience hypnagogic hallucinations and loss of muscle tone during emotional stress?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

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