CONSCIOUSNESS, UNCONSCIOUSNESS, SLEEP & EE

Consciousness is best described as:

Which of the following is true regarding sleep? (Select one)

What is the primary clinical tool used for assessing the severity of coma?

Which of the following is a characteristic of brain death?

Which of the following best describes a persistent vegetative state?

In which state might a patient show sleep-wake cycles but no awareness of their surroundings?

Which of the following is NOT typically a cause of coma?

Which characteristic best differentiates a coma from a vegetative state?

What is the typical duration range for a coma before a patient may progress to a different state, recover, or die?

Which reflex is NOT assessed in cases of suspected brain death?

A person who exhibits fixed pupils, no corneal reflex, and no spontaneous breathing is likely to be diagnosed with:

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

Which gene is involved in regulating the circadian clock in humans?

An example of an ultradian rhythm is:

Which of the following rhythms has a cycle longer than 24 hours?

The effect of jetlag on the human body is primarily due to disruption in which type of rhythm?

Which hormone's secretion follows a circadian pattern, peaking in the early morning?

Which gland in the brain secretes melatonin? A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal gland C. Pituitary gland D. Thalamus

Melatonin secretion is highest during:

Which of the following factors increases melatonin production?

Which of the following best describes the REM stage of sleep?

How often does the REM/NREM cycle repeat throughout a typical night?

In which sleep stage do heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature tend to fall?

Dream recall is most commonly associated with which sleep stage?

How many sleep cycles does an average person experience in a typical night's sleep?

Which stage of sleep is also known as slow-wave sleep?

Which of the following is a characteristic of slow-wave sleep (NREM)?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of sleep stages in a typical 90-minute cycle?

Which sleep stage serves as the transition from wakefulness to sleep?

In which stage does the majority of sleep time occur in adults?

Which of the following stages is known for its restorative, deep sleep and is also called slow-wave sleep?

When does REM sleep typically occur?

During which stage are eye movements rapid, and dreams are most likely recalled?

Which stage of sleep is characterized by slower brain waves and is harder to awaken from? A. REM sleep B. Stage I (NREM) C. Stage II (NREM) D. Stage III (NREM)

How does the sequence of sleep stages typically change through the night?

Which device is used to measure brain waves in clinical applications such as sleep studies and epilepsy monitoring?

The EEG rhythm associated with alert wakefulness, seen when a person is awake with eyes open, is:

When a person is awake but has their eyes closed and is inattentive to the environment, what is the predominant EEG rhythm?

Which stage of sleep is associated with theta waves and is characterized by light sleep where the person can be easily awakened?

In which sleep stage do sleep spindles and K-complexes appear on the EEG?

Delta waves are most prominent in which stages of sleep?

Which of the following EEG patterns is characterized by fast, small amplitude waves similar to those seen in wakefulness but occurs during sleep?

During REM sleep, what is typically observed on the EMG (Electromyograph)?

Which sleep stage is associated with slow-rolling eye movements and theta waves?

Which brain waves are typically associated with the deepest stages of NREM sleep, where the person is very difficult to awaken?

Which brain waves are typically seen when a person is awake but has their eyes closed and is in a relaxed state?

As people age, which of the following typically decreases regarding sleep? (Select one)

Which of the following is a recognized benefit of sleep? (Select one)

Which theory suggests that sleep helps to "erase" unnecessary information from the brain?

Sleep deprivation can lead to all of the following except:

During which sleep phase is growth hormone primarily secreted, especially for healing and repair?

Which of the following is true about REM sleep reduction? (Select one)

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling the REM/NREM sleep cycle?

Which part of the brain controls the sleep/wake cycle?

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the arousal pathways that maintain wakefulness?

Which of the following changes occurs during NREM/slow wave sleep in the arousal pathways?

Which of the following is true about REM sleep? (Select all that apply)

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling the REM/NREM sleep cycle?

Which brain structure is responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycle?

Which neurotransmitter is synthesized by cholinergic neurons and is crucial for maintaining wakefulness and alertness?

During NREM sleep, the activity of which type of neurons slows down, contributing to the transition into deep sleep?

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?

Which neurotransmitter, involved in wakefulness, is synthesized by monoaminergic neurons?

In which sleep stage does the activity of cholinergic neurons increase, promoting brain activity associated with vivid dreams?

What happens to monoaminergic neurons during REM sleep?

In which stage of sleep does the body experience muscle atonia (paralysis) due to the cessation of monoaminergic neuronal activity?

What is a primary function of monoaminergic neurons during wakefulness?

What is the primary role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

What happens if the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is ablated?

Which of the following is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) is defined as:

Which condition is associated with cataplexy, an abrupt loss of muscle tone without loss of awareness?

Which of the following is a common symptom of narcolepsy?

A frequent cause of sleep apnea is associated with which condition?

Which sleep disorder is characterized by the brain's failure to properly signal the muscles, leading to difficulty breathing during sleep?

In which disorder does the individual experience hypnagogic hallucinations and loss of muscle tone during emotional stress?