Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of organelles within eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following best describes the role of organelles within eukaryotic cells?
- Facilitating efficient chemical reactions and organization of cellular functions. (correct)
- Synthesizing proteins for export out of the cell.
- Directing cell movement through flagellar propulsion.
- Maintaining structural rigidity of the cell wall.
If a scientist is studying cells taken from a newly discovered organism and observes that these cells lack a nucleus, how should the cells be classified?
If a scientist is studying cells taken from a newly discovered organism and observes that these cells lack a nucleus, how should the cells be classified?
- Eukaryotic.
- Cardiomyocytes
- Epithelial cells.
- Prokaryotic. (correct)
In multicellular organisms, what is the primary function of apoptosis?
In multicellular organisms, what is the primary function of apoptosis?
- To remove damaged, old, or unnecessary cells. (correct)
- To enhance cellular communication through gap junctions.
- To facilitate cell growth and division.
- To promote the accumulation of waste products within cells.
Which cellular component is responsible for providing water and nutrient support within the interior of the cell?
Which cellular component is responsible for providing water and nutrient support within the interior of the cell?
Which process did Miller and Urey recreate in their experiment to simulate the early Earth conditions?
Which process did Miller and Urey recreate in their experiment to simulate the early Earth conditions?
How does the structure and function of heart cells (cardiomyocytes) contribute to homeostasis in the human body?
How does the structure and function of heart cells (cardiomyocytes) contribute to homeostasis in the human body?
What distinguishes xylem cells from cardiomyocytes regarding their primary function?
What distinguishes xylem cells from cardiomyocytes regarding their primary function?
Which characteristic is NOT a fundamental aspect of cells as described by the modern cell theory?
Which characteristic is NOT a fundamental aspect of cells as described by the modern cell theory?
How does the organization of genetic material differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
How does the organization of genetic material differ between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
How do respiratory epithelial cells contribute to the function of the lungs?
How do respiratory epithelial cells contribute to the function of the lungs?
Which of the following is a primary function of the plasma membrane?
Which of the following is a primary function of the plasma membrane?
A scientist observes a cell dividing through binary fission. What type of cell is the scientist most likely observing?
A scientist observes a cell dividing through binary fission. What type of cell is the scientist most likely observing?
In multicellular organisms, cell division primarily contributes to what two critical processes?
In multicellular organisms, cell division primarily contributes to what two critical processes?
If a substance is unable to pass through a plasma membrane, which component of the cell is most likely responsible for this?
If a substance is unable to pass through a plasma membrane, which component of the cell is most likely responsible for this?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for long-distance comunication in the body?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for long-distance comunication in the body?
Flashcards
Cells
Cells
Basic units of life that make up all living things.
Osteocyte
Osteocyte
Bone cell encased in a hard skeleton of calcium carbonate.
Neurons
Neurons
Cells of the nervous system that use axons for long-distance communication.
Respiratory epithelial cells
Respiratory epithelial cells
Epithelial cells with cilia to move mucus out of the lungs.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Cell division in eukaryotic cells used for reproduction (unicellular) or growth/repair (multicellular).
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Binary Fission
Binary Fission
Cell division in prokaryotic cells (bacteria) for reproduction.
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
Thin, flexible barrier that protects the cell and controls what enters and exits.
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The fluid-filled space inside a cell where organelles are located.
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Organelles
Organelles
Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
A stable internal environment maintained by cells and organisms.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, which removes old, sick, or injured cells.
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Cellular Communication
Cellular Communication
The process where cells are able to communicate and maintain balance.
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- Cells are the basic units of life, comprising all living things.
- Cell description varies depending on cell type, species, and function.
Examples of Cells
- Osteocytes: Bone cells encased in calcium carbonate.
- Neurons: Nervous system cells with axons for long-distance communication.
- Respiratory epithelial cells: Polarized cells with cilia to move mucus out of the lungs.
- Amoebas, bacteria, and yeast: Single-celled organisms.
Cell Movement
- Cells can move or be anchored.
- Some cells crawl by remodeling their internal structure.
- Sperm swim using flagella.
- Other cells use cilia for motility.
Cell Reproduction
- Cells reproduce through cell division.
- Eukaryotic cells (with a nucleus) use mitosis.
- Bacteria (prokaryotic cells) reproduce via binary fission.
- Cell division facilitates reproduction in unicellular organisms and growth/repair in multicellular ones.
Cell Theory
- All living things consist of cells.
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- All cells originate from pre-existing cells.
Cell Composition
- Genetic material (DNA) encased in a nucleus in eukaryotic cells or in a nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells.
- Plasma membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that protects the cell.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance providing support and nutrients.
Eukaryotic Organelles
- Eukaryotic cells contain organelles for efficient chemical reactions and organization.
- Examples include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
Cell Types
- Eukaryotic cells: Animal, plant, and fungal cells with a nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells: Cells without a nucleus.
Animal Cell Examples
- Cardiomyocytes (heart cells)
- Epithelial cells (organ linings)
- Keratinocytes (skin cells)
- Red blood cells (oxygen transport)
Plant Cell Examples
- Palisade cells (leaves)
- Xylem cells (water transport)
Cell Study History
- Robert Hooke first observed plant cells in 1665.
- Scientists now grow cells in labs and study their structure/function.
- Scientists have recreated early Earth conditions to hypothesize how the first cells were created.
Miller-Urey Experiment
- In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey synthesized a primitive cell.
- They recreated early Earth conditions: a heated pool, energy, and inorganic materials.
- Electricity addition resulted in biological molecules like lipids and amino acids.
Cell Functions
- Cells form tissues, which form organs.
- Cells maintain homeostasis in the body.
- Heart cells contract to pump blood.
- Kidney cells remove waste and retain water/nutrients.
- Neurons send communication and control bodily functions.
Cell Death
- Cells die from injury or old age.
- Multicellular organisms use apoptosis (programmed cell death) to remove sick, old, or injured cells.
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