Understanding Carcinogenesis Process

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What is the initial event in the process of carcinogenesis?

Genetic damage (correct)

Neoplastic proliferation

Inherited carcinogenesis

Environmental factors

Which type of genes are the main targets of genetic damage in carcinogenesis?

Apoptosis inhibiting genes

Metastatic genes

DNA repair genes

Growth promoting protooncogenes (correct)

What are the main changes in cell physiology that lead to the formation of the malignant phenotype?

Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals

Limitless replicative potential

Sustained angiogenesis

All of the above (correct)

What do oncogenes promote in cancer cells?

Autonomous cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characterized by the ability to promote cell growth in the absence of normal growth-promoting signals?

Oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of oncoproteins?

Promote cell growth in the absence of normal signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of mutations in protooncogenes?

Formation of oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth-inhibiting (suppressor) genes in carcinogenesis?

Suppress uncontrolled proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of sustained angiogenesis in carcinogenesis?

Enhanced tumor growth and metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which gene type plays a role in regulating apoptosis in carcinogenesis?

Genes regulating apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis?

Prevent accumulation of mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by clonal expansion in the context of neoplastic proliferation?

Unrestricted cell growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of cancer cells related to growth factors?

They synthesize the same growth factors to which they are responsive Signup and view all the answers

How can mutation in receptors contribute to cancer cell growth?

Causing continuous signals to cells and uncontrolled growth Signup and view all the answers

What role do signal-transducing proteins play in cancer cell development?

Receiving signals from activated growth factor receptors and transmitting them to the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which gene, when disrupted by mutation, can cause insensitivity to growth inhibition in cancer cells?

RB Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the TP53 gene?

Regulates apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of losing TP53 function in cancer cells?

Unrepaired DNA damage leading to malignant transformation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main effects of sustained angiogenesis in cancer cells?

Promoting the growth of adjacent tumor cells by secreting growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What role does neovascularization play in cancer metastasis?

It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells, promoting their survival Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases involved in the ability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize?

Extracellular matrix invasion and vascular dissemination Signup and view all the answers

What are the main changes in cell physiology that lead to formation of the malignant phenotype?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is telomerase's role in tumor cells?

Maintenance of normal telomere length Signup and view all the answers