23 Questions
What is the initial event in the process of carcinogenesis?
Genetic damage
Which type of genes are the main targets of genetic damage in carcinogenesis?
Growth promoting protooncogenes
What are the main changes in cell physiology that lead to the formation of the malignant phenotype?
All of the above
What do oncogenes promote in cancer cells?
Autonomous cell growth
Which of the following is characterized by the ability to promote cell growth in the absence of normal growth-promoting signals?
Oncogenes
What is the main function of oncoproteins?
Promote cell growth in the absence of normal signals
What is the effect of mutations in protooncogenes?
Formation of oncogenes
What is the role of growth-inhibiting (suppressor) genes in carcinogenesis?
Suppress uncontrolled proliferation
What is the consequence of sustained angiogenesis in carcinogenesis?
Enhanced tumor growth and metastasis
Which gene type plays a role in regulating apoptosis in carcinogenesis?
Genes regulating apoptosis
What is the primary function of DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis?
Prevent accumulation of mutations
What is meant by clonal expansion in the context of neoplastic proliferation?
Unrestricted cell growth
What is a common characteristic of cancer cells related to growth factors?
They synthesize the same growth factors to which they are responsive
How can mutation in receptors contribute to cancer cell growth?
Causing continuous signals to cells and uncontrolled growth
What role do signal-transducing proteins play in cancer cell development?
Receiving signals from activated growth factor receptors and transmitting them to the nucleus
Which gene, when disrupted by mutation, can cause insensitivity to growth inhibition in cancer cells?
RB
What is the main function of the TP53 gene?
Regulates apoptosis
What is the consequence of losing TP53 function in cancer cells?
Unrepaired DNA damage leading to malignant transformation
What is one of the main effects of sustained angiogenesis in cancer cells?
Promoting the growth of adjacent tumor cells by secreting growth factors
What role does neovascularization play in cancer metastasis?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells, promoting their survival
What are the two phases involved in the ability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize?
Extracellular matrix invasion and vascular dissemination
What are the main changes in cell physiology that lead to formation of the malignant phenotype?
All of the above
What is telomerase's role in tumor cells?
Maintenance of normal telomere length
Test your knowledge about the multistep process of carcinogenesis at both the phenotypic and genetic levels, including the environmental and inherited factors that contribute to genetic damage and mutation leading to neoplastic proliferation.
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