Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a direct function of lactase enzyme?
Which of the following is a direct function of lactase enzyme?
- To break down lactose into glucose and galactose. (correct)
- To synthesize lactose from glucose and fructose.
- To promote the fermentation of lactose in the colon.
- To inhibit the absorption of lactose in the small intestine.
What is a primary symptom associated with lactose intolerance?
What is a primary symptom associated with lactose intolerance?
- Bloating and abdominal discomfort after consuming dairy. (correct)
- Enhanced production of lactase enzyme.
- Increased energy levels after dairy consumption.
- Improved nutrient absorption in the colon.
Which of the following dietary strategies is most appropriate for managing lactose intolerance?
Which of the following dietary strategies is most appropriate for managing lactose intolerance?
- Consuming lactase enzyme tablets when eating meals containing dairy. (correct)
- Completely eliminating all sources of carbohydrates.
- Increasing intake of dairy products to build tolerance.
- Avoiding all foods that contain glucose.
Where does the digestion of starch begin?
Where does the digestion of starch begin?
What is the primary function of disaccharidase enzymes in the small intestine?
What is the primary function of disaccharidase enzymes in the small intestine?
Which of the following is the correct order of carbohydrate digestion, starting from the mouth?
Which of the following is the correct order of carbohydrate digestion, starting from the mouth?
What is the main metabolic purpose of glucose in the body?
What is the main metabolic purpose of glucose in the body?
During periods of low carbohydrate intake, what process does the body use to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
During periods of low carbohydrate intake, what process does the body use to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
In what form is glucose primarily stored in muscles for later use?
In what form is glucose primarily stored in muscles for later use?
What primarily stimulates the pancreas to release insulin?
What primarily stimulates the pancreas to release insulin?
Which hormone is released by the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels when they are low?
Which hormone is released by the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels when they are low?
What is the expected blood glucose range (euglycemia) in mmol/L a healthy individual should typically maintain?
What is the expected blood glucose range (euglycemia) in mmol/L a healthy individual should typically maintain?
Under conditions of prolonged starvation, what process will the body use to create glucose?
Under conditions of prolonged starvation, what process will the body use to create glucose?
Which of the following best describes the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following best describes the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
What is the underlying issue in Type 2 diabetes regarding insulin?
What is the underlying issue in Type 2 diabetes regarding insulin?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronically elevated blood glucose levels?
Which of the following is a consequence of chronically elevated blood glucose levels?
What best describes the homeostasis of blood glucose?
What best describes the homeostasis of blood glucose?
Which of the following are signs of hypoglycemia?
Which of the following are signs of hypoglycemia?
When are glucagon concentrations highest?
When are glucagon concentrations highest?
When are insulin concentrations highest?
When are insulin concentrations highest?
Flashcards
Lactase enzyme
Lactase enzyme
Helps digest and absorb lactose; levels are highest immediately after birth, decreasing with age.
Causes of Lactose Intolerance
Causes of Lactose Intolerance
Includes genetics, intestinal damage, certain medications, prolonged diarrhead, or malnutrition.
Glucose Homeostasis (Euglycemia)
Glucose Homeostasis (Euglycemia)
The body's need to maintain a normal blood glucose range, which is about 4-6 mmol/L.
Primary Role of Glucose
Primary Role of Glucose
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Fat storage of Carbohydrates
Fat storage of Carbohydrates
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Insulin's effect on blood glucose
Insulin's effect on blood glucose
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Alternate Glucose Sources
Alternate Glucose Sources
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Muscle Glycogen
Muscle Glycogen
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Glucagon and Low Blood Sugar
Glucagon and Low Blood Sugar
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Long-term hyperglycemia
Long-term hyperglycemia
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Amino acids as alternative fuel
Amino acids as alternative fuel
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Liver
Liver
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Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
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Study Notes
- Week 6 is all about carbohydrates
Carbohydrates Recap
- Carbohydrates are categorized into sugars and polysaccharides
- Sugars are further divided into monosaccharides and disaccharides
- Polysaccharides include glycogen, starch, and fiber
- Fiber can be soluble or insoluble
- Glucose, fructose, and galactose are key monosaccharides
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactase enzyme aids in digesting/absorbing lactose and is most effective right after birth
- About 30% of people can efficiently digest/absorb lactose worldwide
- Symptoms of lactose intolerance include bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
- Lactose intolerance is least prevalent in northern Europeans/Scandinavians
- Lactose intolerance is most prevalent in Indigenous peoples/southeast Asians
- Approximately 16% of Canadians self-report lactose intolerance
- Genetics, damage to intestinal villi, certain medications, prolonged diarrhea, and malnutrition can cause lactose intolerance
- Management strategies include addressing symptoms
- People can typically consume up to 125 mL (1/2 cup) of milk without symptoms
- Consuming yogurt with live bacteria aids digestion
- Hard cheeses are generally tolerated well
- Lactase enzyme tablets can be taken to assist digestion with meals
- Restricting all lactose is difficult
Week 6 Learning Objectives
- Recall carbohydrate categories
- Differentiate key metabolic fates of dietary carbohydrates
- Appreciate the complexity of maintaining euglycemia (normal blood sugar)
- Recognize how dietary carbohydrate manipulation may help manage diabetes
Metabolic Fates of Dietary Carbohydrates
- Glucose's main role is energy provision to cells
- Intracellular glucose is immediately for energy use or stored as glycogen/fat
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Carbohydrate Storage
- Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen and fat
- Glycogen is stored in the liver (70-100g) and skeletal muscle (300-400g)
- Glycogen is a finite resource depleted in less than a day at rest or several hours during exercise
- Fat storage is long-term with virtually unlimited energy capacity
- Glucose becomes fat only when glycogen stores are full as : Liver converts glucose to fat
- Fat is exported from the liver and stored in adipose tissue
Glucose Homeostasis
- The main goal is to maintain normal blood glucose levels/euglycemia
- Normal blood glucose range: ~4-6 mmol/L
- Glucose is critical for all cells, particularly red blood cells and cells of the central nervous system
Alternate Glucose Sources
- Under conditions of very low carbohydrate availability, we have the capacity to synthesize glucose from other substrates
- Some examples that can cause this are exercise and chronic underconsumption of dietary CHO
- The liver can use lactate (Cori cycle), amino acids (gluconeogenesis), and fat fragments (ketosis)
Maintaining Blood Glucose
- After meal digestion/absorption, blood glucose rises
- High blood glucose triggers insulin release from the pancreas
- Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells, glycogen storage, and conversion to fat
- Blood glucose declines
- Low blood glucose prompts glucagon release from the pancreas
- Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver
- Bllod glucose rises
Blood Glucose Constancy
- Balanced meals at regular intervals promote normal blood glucose homeostasis
- In the long term, hyperglycemia creates damage to tissues, heart disease/stroke, neural problems, vision/hearing loss, infections, amputation, and kidney failure
- Diabetes results in an inability to produce or respond to insulin
- Hypoglycemia results in weakness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, hunger, and trembling
Glucose Homeostasis Summary
- Euglycemia is maintained by insulin and glucagon
- Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones with opposing actions
- Insulin concentrations are higher postprandially (after a meal)
- Glucagon concentrations are higher postabsorptively (between meals)
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