Understanding Biomolecules

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?

  • Building and repairing tissues
  • Primary source of energy (correct)
  • Insulation and protection of organs
  • Long-term energy storage

What distinguishes lipids from carbohydrates at the molecular level?

  • Carbohydrates are composed of amino acids, while lipids are not.
  • Lipids primarily function in genetic information storage.
  • Lipids are more commonly referred to as stored energy molecules. (correct)
  • Lipids contain nitrogen, while carbohydrates do not.

Which elements are consistently found in proteins, but are not all necessarily present in carbohydrates and lipids?

  • Carbon and oxygen
  • Carbon and hydrogen
  • Nitrogen (correct)
  • Hydrogen and oxygen

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of polysaccharides relate to their function in living organisms?

<p>Their complex structure allows sustained energy release or structural support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do enzymes, which are proteins, facilitate biochemical reactions in the body?

<p>By speeding up reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of lipids makes them suitable for long-term energy storage compared to carbohydrates?

<p>They contain more energy per gram. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of fatty acids in phospholipids contribute to the structure of cell membranes?

<p>They form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'R' group in the general formula of amino acids (RCH(NH2)COOH)?

<p>It is a side chain that varies, giving each amino acid its unique properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

<p>Monosaccharides are monomers linked to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of condensation relate to the formation of polysaccharides?

<p>It links monosaccharides together by removing a molecule of water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of lipids makes them insoluble in water?

<p>Their primarily hydrocarbon structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biomolecule is primarily involved in transporting molecules in and out of cells?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids affect their physical state at room temperature?

<p>Saturated fats are solid because their straight chains allow them to pack tightly, while unsaturated fats are liquid due to kinks caused by double bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in animal cells?

<p>To maintain membrane fluidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA and RNA differ in their sugar composition?

<p>RNA contains ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of proteins?

<p>Amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links monosaccharides to form disaccharides?

<p>Glycosidic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best classifies steroids?

<p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Carbohydrates?

<p>$(CH_2O)_n$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Proteins?

<p>$RCH(NH_2)COOH$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for Lipids?

<p>$CH_3(CH_2)_nCOOH$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is found in Carbohydrates?

<p>C-H-O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is found in Proteins?

<p>C-H-O-N (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is found in Nucleic Acids?

<p>C-H-O-N-P (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which list of options refers to monosaccharides?

<p>Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chitin can be best described as a:

<p>Polysaccharide that forms exoskeletons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the options demonstrates the pairing of a disaccharide to what it breaks down into?

<p>Sucrose -&gt; Glucose + Fructose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately captures the role of lipids?

<p>Long-term energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the function of Sterols?

<p>Steroids and hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

<p>Nucleotides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biomolecules

Molecules produced by living organisms, including macromolecules like proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Four main types of biomolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Monomer

Smaller units that make up larger molecules; building blocks.

Carbohydrates

The most common biomolecule, they serve as the primary energy source

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Monosaccharides

Class of carbohydrates composed of 1 sugar unit

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Disaccharides

Class of carbohydrates composed of 2 sugar units

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many saccharides.

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Proteins

Body-building molecules, transport molecules, control chemical reactions, and are used for growth and repair.

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Amino Acids

The monomer of proteins is this compund

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Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that aren't necessarily from food but are hereditary materials in DNA.

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Nucleotides

Monomer of nucleic acids.

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Lipids

Energy-giving molecules, more commonly referred as stored-energy molecules.

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Fatty Acids

The monomer of lipids.

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Starch

Provide a quick form of energy for the body, a polysaccharide.

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Glycogen

Used for energy storage in animals, a polysaccharide.

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Cellulose

Found in plants, in cell walls & bark of trees, a polysaccharide.

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Chitin

Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans, a polysaccharide.

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HDL

Carries excess cholesterol in your blood back to your liver, good form of cholesterol

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LDL

Carries cholesterol to your cells, build up in your artery walls as a bad form of cholesterol.

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Study Notes

  • Biomolecules are molecules produced by living organisms.
  • Examples of biomolecules include proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • The lesson aims to distinguish among carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids while covering their properties and functions.
  • Another aim is to emphasize the importance of biomolecules and a balanced diet for health.
  • Food is a necessity that humans need.

Four Types of Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids

Classification of Biological Molecules

  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.
  • Lipids: Fats (Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty acids).
  • Proteins: Amino acids, Polypeptides.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA (ATGC), RNA (AUGC).

Monomers

  • Monomers are smaller units from which larger molecules are made.
  • Monomers serve as building blocks.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are the most common biomolecule.
  • Carbohydrates are a primary energy source.
  • Elements comprising carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C-H-O).
  • Formula: (CH2O)n
  • Monomer: Monosaccharides
  • Saccharides means sugar

Carbohydrates Classifications

  • Monosaccharides: Composed of 1 sugar.
  • Disaccharides: Composed of 2 sugars.
  • Polysaccharides: Made of many saccharides.

Monosaccharides

  • These are simple sugars with the formula C6H12O6.
  • Glucose: Blood sugar.
  • Fructose: Fruit sugar.
  • Galactose: Found in milk, with glucose.

Disaccharides

  • These are double sugars, with the formula C12H22O11.
  • Maltose: Malt sugar and consists of glucose + glucose.
  • Lactose: Milk sugar and consists of glucose + galactose.
  • Sucrose: Table sugar and consists of glucose + fructose.

Polysaccharides

  • These are complex sugars with the formula (C6H10O5)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
  • Starch: Provides a quick form of energy for the body.
  • Glycogen: Used for energy storage in animals.
  • Cellulose: Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees.
  • Chitin: Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans.

Proteins

  • Proteins are body-building molecules, which help with growth.
  • Proteins transport molecules in and out of the cell.
  • Proteins control the speed of chemical reactions.
  • Proteins are used for growth and repair.
  • Monomer: Amino acids.

Proteins chemical structure

  • General Formula: RCH(NH2)COOH, where R is a side chain, usually an amino acid.
  • Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (C-H-O-N).
  • Hemoglobin is an example of protein from red blood cells.
  • Albumin is a protein that can be found in eggs.
  • Many foods have Enzymes.
  • Enzymes speed up reactions.

Sources of Protein

  • Some sources of protein rich foods are; Salmon (20g), Chicken Breast (23g), Tenderloin Steak (26g), Tuna Steak (22g), Greek yogurt (10g), Cottage Cheese (11g), Mozzarella (28g), Kidney Beans (9g), Green Peas (5g), Lentils(9g) and Chickpeas (19g)

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids are not necessarily from food.
  • Nucleic acids are biomolecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA.
  • Monomer: Nucleotides.
  • Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (C-H-O-N-P).

Lipids

  • Lipids are energy-giving molecules.
  • Lipids store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins.
  • Monomer: Fatty acids.
  • General Formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH
  • Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (C-H-O).
  • Lipids provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body.
  • Lipids serve as a waterproof covering in some plants and animals.
  • Commonly known as fats.
  • Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, oils, nuts, and waxes.
  • Lipids are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.

Types of Lipids

  • Sterols: Steroids and hormones.
  • Waxes: Found in bees, furniture, ears, cars, and plants.
  • Cholesterol: Present in egg yolks and red meat.
  • Fats: Derived from animals.
  • Oils: Derived from plants.
  • Phospholipids: Present in cell membranes.
  • Pigments: Found in plants.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) vs Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

  • HDL is good cholesterol.
  • LDL is bad cholesterol.

Summary

  • Carbohydrates (CHO) are the primary source of energy.
  • Lipids (CHO) provide long-term energy.
  • Proteins (CHON) are essential for body building and work.
  • Nucleic Acids (CHONP) contain genetic information and materials.

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