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Questions and Answers
What is bias defined as in the context of results?
What is bias defined as in the context of results?
- A systematic error or deviation from the truth (correct)
- A deviation from the mean
- A statistical anomaly
- A random error
What can biases lead to in estimating the true intervention effect?
What can biases lead to in estimating the true intervention effect?
- Only under-estimation
- Only over-estimation
- No effect at all
- Either under-estimation or over-estimation (correct)
How can biases vary?
How can biases vary?
- Only in magnitude (correct)
- In both direction and magnitude
- They do not vary
- Only in direction
What is a characteristic of bias in results?
What is a characteristic of bias in results?
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What is the relationship between bias and the truth?
What is the relationship between bias and the truth?
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Study Notes
Bias in Results
- Bias is defined as a systematic error or deviation from the truth in results.
- Biases can lead to two possible outcomes:
- Under-estimation of the true intervention effect
- Over-estimation of the true intervention effect
- The magnitude of biases can vary.
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