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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between systematic error and random error?
What is the main difference between systematic error and random error?
- Systematic error is detectable through comparison, while random error can be estimated from the data alone. (correct)
- Systematic error is always large, while random error is always small.
- Systematic error can be easily corrected, while random error cannot be.
- Systematic error occurs due to equipment malfunction, while random error is a result of environmental factors.
If a measuring device consistently shows a reading that is 12 points higher than the true pressure, what type of error is present?
If a measuring device consistently shows a reading that is 12 points higher than the true pressure, what type of error is present?
- Indeterminate error
- Random error
- Systematic error (correct)
- Calibration error
Why is systematic error considered a more significant problem than random error?
Why is systematic error considered a more significant problem than random error?
- It is easier to detect and correct.
- It cannot be identified without a true reference value. (correct)
- It always affects measurements more than random errors.
- It leads to more inconsistent readings in isolated tests.
Which of the following statements is true regarding systematic error?
Which of the following statements is true regarding systematic error?
What would be an effective way to adjust for systematic error if detected?
What would be an effective way to adjust for systematic error if detected?
Which scenario best illustrates a random error?
Which scenario best illustrates a random error?
What type of errors can be classified under measurement errors in research?
What type of errors can be classified under measurement errors in research?
Which device demonstrated the highest precision based on the measurements given?
Which device demonstrated the highest precision based on the measurements given?
How is accuracy defined in the context of measurement?
How is accuracy defined in the context of measurement?
Which of the following devices is characterized as both inaccurate and imprecise?
Which of the following devices is characterized as both inaccurate and imprecise?
What is the term used to describe consistent inaccuracies in measurements?
What is the term used to describe consistent inaccuracies in measurements?
If Device 2 produced measurements of 127, 140, and 153, what can be inferred?
If Device 2 produced measurements of 127, 140, and 153, what can be inferred?
What is the opposite of random error?
What is the opposite of random error?
What type of error would Device 3 exhibit if it shows consistently higher average measurements than the true value?
What type of error would Device 3 exhibit if it shows consistently higher average measurements than the true value?
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Study Notes
Error and Bias in Research
- Results of studies may not reflect truth due to error, bias, and confounding.
- Errors can stem from participant selection and measurement of exposure or outcome.
- Errors are classified as random or systematic:
- Random errors: Chance variations in measurements.
- Systematic errors (biases): Consistent inaccuracies in measurements.
Measurement Errors Example
- Sphygmomanometers were tested for accuracy in systolic blood pressure measurements.
- Device 1: Results - 137, 140, 143
- Small range indicates low random error; thus, it is precise.
- Device 2: Results - 127, 140, 153
- Larger range signifies higher random error; less precise.
- Device 3: Results - 150, 152, 154
- Very low random error signifies high precision.
- However, if true value is 140, it displays systematic error (consistently high).
Precision vs. Accuracy
- Precision: Closeness of repeated measurements (lower random error).
- Accuracy: Closeness of measurements to the true value (absence of systematic error).
- Device 4: Results - 110, 120, 130
- Both inaccurate and imprecise with high fluctuation and average deviating from true value.
- Example of systematic error in Device 4 could be calibration shift (e.g., +12 points).
Importance of Recognizing Errors
- Systematic errors often go undetected and pose significant problems in studies.
- Random errors can be estimated from study data, while systematic errors require comparison to a known truth.
- Understanding both types of error is critical for conducting accurate research and analysis.
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