Understanding Attitudes in Psychology 101

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Questions and Answers

Neema's decision was most likely influenced by the ______ heuristic.

availability

Bobby's method is most similar to the ______ model of organizing concepts in the mind.

prototype

Considering what you know about sexual strategies theory, who is most likely to say yes to the request to have sex with a stranger?

Giles only

Jessi's dad most likely believes in the ______ theory of emotion.

James-Lange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results would be consistent with the results of a similar study by Alfred Kinsey?

The girls had a lot of interest in sex, and found enjoyment in it. Signup and view all the answers

It's likely the audience is reacting differently to the two speeches because Steven is violating ______ for his culture.

display rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the best biologic explanation for Jerry's constant hunger despite being obese?

Jerry has a tumor on his hypothalamus. Signup and view all the answers

Which article should Rosalia read for her research on the impact of incentives on motivation?

Increased coloring in the lines for kindergarteners who receive a smile Signup and view all the answers

Based on the concept of display rules, what is Alexi likely to recognize?

Recognize the American's emotions, but is confused as to when they're displayed. Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what will Finn most likely observe regarding personality traits in the United States compared to Japan?

Finn will notice a difference between the personality traits that are common in each country. Signup and view all the answers

Based on Rory's decision-making style, she would receive a high score in which five-factor theory of personality category?

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

What might explain the change in the way Shelly identifies herself after moving to China?

Working self-concept Signup and view all the answers

Students from ______ cultures typically have problems working in groups.

Individualist Signup and view all the answers

What types of personality assessments would you expect to see in Dr. Bennett's office?

NEO personality inventory Signup and view all the answers

What best explains why Terrance displays different personality traits according to the situation he is in?

Situationism Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most likely explanation for Anna's inability to recall details about her car accident?

Her subconscious is using the defense mechanism 'repression' to shield her conscious. Signup and view all the answers

Tessa’s change in behavior in the group project is best described by which principle?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

Which technique can Mr. Colbert use to improve his persuasive power?

The mere exposure effect Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is Jamie using when she offers a soda to customers?

Foot in the door Signup and view all the answers

Henry is utilizing the ______ effect to prompt Emily's attraction.

mere exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is Ms. Kate most likely trying to initiate among her students?

Self-fulfilling prophecy Signup and view all the answers

Jo and Marshal's friendship illustrates which concept?

Proximity Signup and view all the answers

Micki's discomfort from joining a sorority despite her beliefs illustrates which concept?

Cognitive dissonance Signup and view all the answers

What order do the three stages of general adaptation syndrome occur?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

Keri is most likely a(n) ______ psychologist.

positive Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping is Sarah using to deal with her submission deadline stress?

Primary appraisals Signup and view all the answers

Jean's cost-benefit analysis of having a roommate is an example of which type of coping skill?

Problem-focused Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect Carolyn's results to be if she participated in the study by Sheldon, Cohen, and colleagues?

She would be exposed to a cold virus and get sick due to her high stress levels. Signup and view all the answers

Ingrid is most likely using __________-focused coping to deal with her stress.

emotion Signup and view all the answers

What would Toby expect to find if he surveyed residents of western states with higher rates of well-being?

High levels of health and life satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms is Liam experiencing due to his schizophrenia?

Positive Signup and view all the answers

How might we best explain Pierre's anxiety related to PTSD?

Pierre's experience in the hurricane was so memorable that he has become hypersensitive to physiological stimuli related to his trauma. Signup and view all the answers

What disorder was Fiona diagnosed with after a period of manic behavior followed by depression?

Bipolar I Signup and view all the answers

Blanca would most likely be diagnosed with ______ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive Signup and view all the answers

What would be the best diagnosis for Beatrice, who struggles with identity and relationships?

Borderline personality disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes Yancy's situation?

disorganized behavior Signup and view all the answers

What type of disorder is similar to Zane's symptoms of losing appetite and disinterest in activities?

major depressive Signup and view all the answers

What treatment would Elmo's doctor most likely recommend for his Bipolar I disorder?

Psychotropic medications Signup and view all the answers

What would be the first step in systematic desensitization for treating Carson's fear of spiders?

Show him a picture of a spider Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective type of treatment for Doug, diagnosed with schizophrenia?

Psychotropic medications Signup and view all the answers

Which program is Cathy likely to use for her autistic patient, Jacky?

Applied behavioral analysis Signup and view all the answers

What would help Arnando, who experiences winter depression?

Psychotropic drug treatment Signup and view all the answers

What technique is the therapist using with Jocelyn when they intentionally make a mess?

Response prevention Signup and view all the answers

Why would Gem's doctor NOT support the recommendation of rebirthing therapy?

There is no scientific evidence that rebirthing is beneficial Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapist does Keahi probably have if they constantly inquire about her thought patterns?

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

After hearing that he will better understand how people's ______, Phaedron feels better about the class.

attitudes are formed or changed Signup and view all the answers

What should Seymour title his paper?

Increased Religious Commitment Is Linked To Helping Behavior Signup and view all the answers

Your friend says, 'Wow! It's great that your independent variable is ______. People really need to know about this!'

caffeine consumption Signup and view all the answers

You recommend that he consult with a ______ psychologist for his grandmother's issues.

developmental Signup and view all the answers

The IRB's purpose is to ensure all of the following EXCEPT:

The scientific validity of the research Signup and view all the answers

What can we conclude about the correlation between Nicolas Cage films and drowning incidents?

Nicolas Cage appearing in films and people drowning are related but one does not necessarily cause the other Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is Katia most likely to use to study the frequency of teen mothers finishing high school?

Correlational Signup and view all the answers

Which opinion best reflects a behaviorist technique?

Jean-Jaques' approach of observing and counting hits Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of developmental psychology is represented by Jimmy's cognitive ability development?

Cognitive Signup and view all the answers

According to Erickson's stages, which psychosocial crisis is Orangina experiencing?

Generativity versus stagnation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's model is Kenzie likely experiencing?

Generativity versus stagnation Signup and view all the answers

How will Nathan likely respond when his mother enters the room?

Avoid Lizzie when she entered the room Signup and view all the answers

At what level of moral reasoning is Oakley likely at?

Preconventional Signup and view all the answers

Jennifer is amazed that a sperm and an egg can unite to create the during the period.

zygote; germinal Signup and view all the answers

Opal is demonstrating her developing knowledge of gender ______ in her culture.

roles Signup and view all the answers

Which nervous system should you thank for saving your life during a stressful event?

Sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

Damage to her ______ explains Bernadette's amnesiac state.

hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What type of signal was transmitted when acetylcholine crossed a synaptic gap?

Excitatory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does the new drug MOST LIKELY alter?

Receptors Signup and view all the answers

What does Nellie the neuron need to send across the small synaptic gap?

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What structures should AJ follow to ensure he is following the correct path in a neuron?

Dendrites, cell body, axon Signup and view all the answers

Which area of Jackson's brain can we reasonably assume will NOT show activity during the fMRI?

Primary motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

What process must occur for Bobby Brain to communicate with his best friend Evelyn Eye?

Transduction Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to see if you looked into Mary's eyes in low light conditions?

The iris of Mary's eyes will have allowed the opening of the pupil to get larger. Signup and view all the answers

Fehi can't help but correct her, 'Actually, your taste receptors ______ located in your

are; taste buds found in structures called papillae. Signup and view all the answers

Ken reminds Barbie that next the sounds is ___, _, and finally _____ to be perceived by the temporal lobe.

turned into vibrations, amplified, transduced Signup and view all the answers

To make the color on the trees brighter, Colorman should change the electromagnetic wave by:

Make the amplitude higher Signup and view all the answers

What would Chancy not experience in a universe without sensory adaptation?

Tuning out loud background noises Signup and view all the answers

What receptors are likely to activate from the intense heat that Candy experiences?

Hot receptors only Signup and view all the answers

What sleep disorder best explains what Kai is experiencing?

Pseudo insomnia. Even though he is actually sleeping he dreams he is awake Signup and view all the answers

What would most accurately test the concept of subliminal perception?

Asking adults to read word pairs such as moon and ocean and testing to see if they unconsciously respond with the brand name Tide when asked to name a detergent. Signup and view all the answers

What common sleep disorder might Steve be suffering from?

Sleep apnea Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain had activity related to Max's strong emotional content in the dream?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What tool would be most useful to study altered states of consciousness?

Brain imaging Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect to read on Joan's chart regarding a patient in REM sleep?

EEG shows a flurry of beta wave activity, the eyes appear to be darting back and forth under closed eyelids. Signup and view all the answers

What information could you share with your friend about texting while driving?

We have limited attention available to consciously experience and respond to information, so it's dangerous to use some attention to text while driving. Signup and view all the answers

What will Sariah likely experience while attempting to condition her dopamine-deficient bunny?

The bunny will respond poorly to the conditioning; dopamine has a biological influence on how reinforcing something is. Signup and view all the answers

Why does classical conditioning support evolutionary theory according to Jacky?

Learned behaviors, such as taste aversion, can mean the difference between life or death. Signup and view all the answers

What is the BEST explanation for Nancy's baby's new exciting behavior of smiling back?

Early modeling Signup and view all the answers

What principle of conditioning is Nicole demonstrating with her dislike of all fish?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of negative reinforcement in Bruce's training?

During training, Alfred will play a high-pitched whine until Bruce puts on his costume. Signup and view all the answers

What operant conditioning did Jenny just practice when giving Tommy the candy?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of Jen using shaping to condition her brother to wash the dishes?

Jen rewards her little brother with candy for taking his dirty dishes to the sink. Signup and view all the answers

What is Giselle inaccurately recalling in her childhood memory an example of?

Misattribution Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory best describes Ruth's unconscious desire for a cheeseburger?

Implicit Signup and view all the answers

What best explains Herold's grandpa's ability to recall distant details about his life?

Long term memory allows us to maintain memories relatively permanently. Signup and view all the answers

What does Jackson's memory of a significant event best describe?

Flashbulb memories Signup and view all the answers

What is Cosmo using to facilitate his memory while waiting tables?

Auditory attention Signup and view all the answers

Lupe's ability to store concepts in memory according to their meaning would be best described by the ______ model.

spreading activation Signup and view all the answers

Candy's ability to recall being bucked off a horse at age six is a great example of ______ memory storage.

long-term Signup and view all the answers

This deep type of encoding is called ______.

elaborative Signup and view all the answers

Nadine is likely high in ______ intelligence.

intrapersonal Signup and view all the answers

What is Isiah's IQ?

108 Signup and view all the answers

What is Cruz's technique when he decides to flip the puzzle upside down?

Restructuring Signup and view all the answers

Laila's assessment has good ______ because it measures what it's intended to measure.

validity Signup and view all the answers

Now she's going to see if her test has good ______ by checking the consistency in scores each time the test is used.

reliability Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology and Professional Success

Public relations majors like Phaedron gain insights into understanding attitudes which can enhance their professional interactions.
General psychology can provide valuable tools for analyzing and influencing behavior in various contexts.

Research Findings and Publication

Seymour's study reveals a significant relationship between religiosity and helping behaviors, suggesting a correlation that merits attention.

Experimental Design in Psychology

Predicting that caffeine consumption makes participants more tired highlights the independent variable in a research hypothesis.

Developmental Psychology

Consulting a developmental psychologist can assist a family member exhibiting memory issues related to daily activities.

Research Ethics

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) safeguards participant welfare but does not assess the scientific validity of research.

Correlation vs. Causation

The correlation between drowning incidents and Nicolas Cage films demonstrates that correlation doesn’t imply causation; both may be related without direct influence.

Research Methods in Psychology

Correlational studies are essential for examining social phenomena such as teen motherhood graduation rates.

Behaviorism in Psychology

Jean-Jaques' observational approach reflects behaviorist principles, emphasizing measurable behavior over self-reported feelings.

Cognitive Development

Cognitive changes over time in families can be studied through developmental psychology lenses focusing on how thinking evolves.

Psychosocial Development

Life transitions for individuals like Orangina and Kenzie relate to Erikson’s stages, where generativity versus stagnation reflects personal fulfillment versus broader contribution to society.

Attachment Theory

Ambivalent attachment, as seen in Nathan, may result in avoidance or resistance to a caregiver’s presence upon reunion.

Moral Reasoning Levels

Oakley's rationalization regarding her homework points to a preconventional level of moral reasoning, focusing on reward outcomes.

Prenatal Development

The zygote forms during the germinal period, marking the beginning of life development.

Opal's insistence on playing specific roles illustrates the cultural understanding of gender roles as part of socialization.

Nervous System Functions

The sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response in high-stress situations, ensuring survival.

Memory and the Brain

Damage to the hypothalamus can disrupt memory formation, as seen in cases of amnesia.

Nervous Signal Transmission

Excitatory signals serve to initiate action potentials in neurons through neurotransmitter activity at synapses.

Neurotransmitter Reception

New drugs preventing neurotransmitters from binding likely alter receptor functionality at the postsynaptic neuron.

Neural Communication

Neurotransmitters are essential for neuronal communication across synaptic gaps.

Neuronal Pathways

Action potentials follow specific pathways through dendrites, cell bodies, and axons in neurons.

Brain Imaging and Function

Non-active areas during mental tasks can be inferred from fMRI results, indicating the lack of activity in the primary motor cortex during mental tasks.

Sensory Processes

Transduction is necessary for sensory stimuli to be processed from the environment into neural signals.

Pupil Response in Low Light

Iris dilation in low light conditions helps maximize vision by allowing more light to enter the pupil.

Taste and Perception

Taste receptors are situated in taste buds located within structures called papillae.

Auditory Processing

Sound waves are transduced into vibrations and amplified before perception in the brain.

Electromagnetic Waves and Color Perception

Increasing amplitude can enhance brightness in visible light, impacting color perception.

Sensory Adaptation

Tuning out persistent stimuli is a result of sensory adaptation, which Chancy lacks in his unique universe.

Pain and Heat Sensation

Hot receptors activate in response to intense heat, signaling pain and discomfort.

Sleep Disorders

Pseudo insomnia describes a situation where one believes they are not sleeping despite sufficient rest.

Subliminal Perception

Empirical tests for subliminal perception can reveal unconscious brand associations triggered by word pairings.

Sleep Apnea

Persistent snoring and fatigue may indicate sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder that restricts breathing.

Emotional Memory and Brain Activity

The amygdala appears active during intense emotional experiences, influencing dream content and memory.

Research Tools for Consciousness Studies

Brain imaging tools are invaluable for studying altered states of consciousness and their neurological correlates.

EEG and REM Sleep

REM sleep is characterized by beta wave activity and rapid eye movements, observable via EEG readings.

Attention and Driving Safety

Limited attention resources make multitasking, such as texting while driving, particularly dangerous.

Operant Conditioning Principles

Sariah's experience conditioning her bunny illustrates how low dopamine can hinder responsiveness to reinforcement.

Classical Conditioning and Evolution

Taste aversions exemplify learned behaviors vital for survival, supporting the evolutionary perspective.

Modeling Behavior in Infancy

Babies mimicking smiles reflect early forms of modeling behavior, facilitating social connection.

Conditioning and Stimulus Generalization

Negative experiences can lead to broader aversions through stimulus generalization, impacting food preferences.

Operant Conditioning Techniques

Alfred’s use of negative reinforcement in training showcases how consequences shape behavior.

Positive Reinforcement Strategies

Giving in to a child's demands can result in undesired behavior reinforcement, as seen in Jenny's situation.

Shaping Behaviors

Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior, demonstrated by Jen with her brother.

Memory Errors

Misattribution highlights the inaccuracy in recalling specific details of past memories, as seen with Giselle.

Implicit Memory Recognition

Unconscious desires, like cravings, often stem from implicit memory influences.

Long-Term Memory Functionality

Long-term memory enables the retention and retrieval of past experiences over time, as exemplified by Herold.

Deep Encoding Techniques

Elaborative encoding involves making personal connections to enhance memory retention, seen in Elsa's study of poetry.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Self-awareness correlates with high intrapersonal intelligence, as evidenced by Nadine's understanding of her feelings and needs.

IQ Determination

An IQ score of 108 indicates slightly above-average intelligence in the context of a broader population.

Problem-Solving Techniques

Flipping a puzzle represents a restructuring technique that promotes innovative problem-solving strategies.

Measurement Validity in Assessments

Validity refers to the degree a test measures its intended construct, while reliability assesses the consistency of results.

Heuristics in Decision Making

The availability heuristic influences decision-making based on recent exposure to information, as seen in Neema's ocean fears.

Prototype Model of Concept Organization

Organizing plants based on representative examples reflects the prototype model of cognition.

Sexual Strategies and Behavior

According to sexual strategies theory, men (like Giles) are statistically more open to casual sexual encounters than women.

Theories of Emotion

Jessi's dad aligns with the James-Lange theory of emotion, suggesting that physiological responses dictate emotional experiences.

Findings on Sexual Behavior

Studies similar to Alfred Kinsey’s consistently reveal a high interest and enjoyment in sexual activities among women.

Cultural Norms and Emotion Responses

Cultural display rules influence social perceptions of emotional expressions, affecting reactions to individuals like Tabitha and Steven.### Biological Factors in Behavior
Jerry has a tumor on his hypothalamus, contributing to his inability to feel full.

Incentives and Motivation

Rosalia should read about "Increased coloring in the lines for kindergarteners who receive a smile" to understand the impact of incentives on motivation.

Display Rules and Emotion

Alexi from Moscow recognizes American emotions but is confused about when they are displayed due to cultural differences in display rules.

Cultural Personality Traits

Finn will likely observe differences in personality traits between Japanese individuals and Americans, reflecting cultural influences on behavior.

Personality Traits and Decision-Making

Rory Gilmore, who makes lists before decisions, exemplifies high conscientiousness according to the five-factor theory of personality.

Self-Identification and Cultural Context

Shelly’s identification as "The American" in China illustrates the concept of working self-concept, revealing how context influences self-identity.

Cultural Group Work Challenges

Students from individualist cultures often struggle with group work dynamics, contrasting with collectivist cultures that emphasize group harmony.

Personality Assessments

Dr. Bennett utilizes objective personality measures, like the NEO personality inventory, to assist students in making decisions.

Situationism in Personality Display

Terrance's variation in personality traits between different social settings is explained by the concept of situationism.

Repression in Psychoanalytic Theory

A therapist might explain Anna's inability to recall a car accident as a defense mechanism called repression, protecting her conscious mind from distressing memories.

Tessa's decreased effort in a group project highlights the principle of social loafing, where individuals put in less effort when working collectively.

Persuasive Techniques in Politics

Mr. Colbert can enhance his persuasive effectiveness by using the mere exposure effect, which increases likability through familiarity.

Sales Strategies

Jamie employs a foot-in-the-door technique by first offering a soda, making customers more likely to agree to subsequent requests.

Attraction and Exposure

Henry's strategy of attending events where Emily is present utilizes the mere exposure effect to enhance his chances of attracting her interest.

Classroom Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Ms. Kate fosters a self-fulfilling prophecy by reinforcing her students' intelligence, potentially leading to improved academic performance.

Proximity and Friendship

Jo and Marshal's friendship, based solely on a common activity, exemplifies the role of proximity in developing social connections.

Cognitive Dissonance

Micki's discomfort due to participating in activities contrary to her beliefs illustrates cognitive dissonance, a conflict that creates mental discomfort.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Holly experiences a general adaptation syndrome response characterized by three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, in response to stressors.

Positive Psychology

Keri specializes in positive psychology, focusing on faith, values, creativity, courage, and hope in her practice.

Coping Strategies

Sarah’s approach of consulting a mentor and reviewing past work reflects primary appraisal as a coping strategy to manage stress.

Problem-Focused Coping

Jean employs problem-focused coping by weighing the benefits and drawbacks of having a roommate to alleviate financial stress.

Stress and Health Connection

Carolyn's high stress levels may lead to increased susceptibility to illness, demonstrating the relationship between stress and vulnerability to infections.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Ingrid uses emotion-focused coping by drinking vodka to manage her stress instead of addressing the root causes of her feelings.

Well-Being and Life Satisfaction

Residents of western states are expected to report high levels of health and life satisfaction, as reflected in Gallup's Well-Being Index.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Liam is experiencing positive symptoms, including delusions and disorganized speech, indicating an exacerbation of schizophrenia.

PTSD and Anxiety Responses

Pierre's hypersensitivity to stimuli related to his trauma from a hurricane illustrates the lasting impact of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Bipolar I Disorder Symptoms

Fiona’s erratic behaviors, such as excessive gambling followed by depressive episodes, indicate a diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Characteristics

Blanca's compulsions and intrusive thoughts about harming others suggest a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Borderline Personality Disorder Traits

Beatrice exhibits symptoms aligned with borderline personality disorder, including identity disturbances, manipulation, and emotional volatility.

Disorganized Behavior Indicators

Yancy's inappropriate clothing and muttering in winter highlight disorganized behavior commonly associated with severe mental health issues.

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

Zane’s loss of interest in activities he once enjoyed, coupled with weight loss, mirrors symptoms of major depressive disorder.

Treatment for Bipolar I Disorder

Psychotropic medications are generally recommended for the management of Bipolar I disorder.

Systematic Desensitization for Phobias

The first step in treating Carson’s spider phobia with systematic desensitization would involve showing him a picture of a spider.

Effective Schizophrenia Treatment

Schizophrenia is most effectively treated with psychotropic medications, aiming to alleviate symptoms.

Treatment for Autism

Cathy is likely to use applied behavioral analysis, a proven intervention for children with autism.

Seasonal Affective Disorder Treatment

Arnando's winter depression is best addressed with psychotropic drug treatment to manage symptoms effectively.

Response Prevention in Therapy

Jocelyn’s therapy involves response prevention techniques, where the therapist prevents her from engaging in compulsive cleaning behaviors.

Scientific Validity of Rebirthing Therapy

Rebirthing therapy lacks scientific support, which could lead a doctor to advise against its use for trauma treatment.

Cognitive Therapy Focus

Keahi is likely working with a cognitive therapist, focusing on exploring and altering her thought patterns.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the concept of attitudes in psychology and how they influence professional success. It is designed for students in a general psychology course looking to understand the implications of psychological principles. Challenge your knowledge and improve your grasp of the subject matter!