Psychology Chapter on Attitude and Behavior

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a social factor that affects people's lifestyle and well-being?

  • Personal values (correct)
  • Economic conditions
  • Political climate
  • Cultural norms

Which type of behavior is characterized by outward actions that can be directly observed, such as physical movements and verbal statements?

  • Operant behavior
  • Overt behavior (correct)
  • Covert behavior
  • Cognitive behavior

Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABC Model of Attitude?

  • Stimulus (correct)
  • Affect
  • Behavior
  • Cognition

Which of the following is an example of covert behavior?

<p>Thinking about a problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following learning methods involves modifying behavior through the use of rewards and punishments?

<p>Operant Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between attitude and behavior?

<p>Attitude influences behavior, but behavior can also influence attitude (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea about 'feeling' in the content?

<p>Feeling is primarily generated through external stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which stage of development primarily focuses on establishing a sense of self-control and productivity?

<p>Industry vs. Inferiority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is associated with an influential figure described as 'community'?

<p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is associated with a potential unfavorable result of 'shallow involvement'?

<p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an individual experiences a negative outcome during the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage, they might develop a sense of _________.

<p>Bitterness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is characterized by the development of self-reliance and physical skills, potentially leading to defiance and shame if not successfully navigated?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The individual's primary influential figure during the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage includes:

<p>Parents and Teachers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is associated with the age range of 3 to 6 years?

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development is linked to the potential negative outcome of 'perfectionism'?

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a Universal Virtue listed in the provided text?

<p>Creativity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the provided information encompasses the age range of 65 years and beyond?

<p>Integrity vs. Despair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Holistic Development as defined in the content?

<p>Understanding the individual as a whole, rather than isolated aspects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which stage of development is characterized by a potential favorable result of 'nurturance and independence'?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a core aspect of human development as outlined in the text?

<p>Financial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Gestalt' in Holistic Development?

<p>The way in which various aspects of development are interlinked (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a Gift of the Holy Spirit as mentioned in the text?

<p>Wisdom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of human development is most directly associated with the concepts highlighted in Module 3: Developmental Stages, Tasks, and Challenges in Middle and Late Adolescence?

<p>Adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Self Integration within Holistic Development?

<p>Fulfilling the potential of all five aspects of holistic development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the 'highest development of a person' within the context of Holistic Development?

<p>Achieving a harmonious balance between the five aspects of development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the essence of Holistic Development as presented in the content?

<p>Seeing the individual as a complex unity, comprised of interconnected aspects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of a favorable outcome during the 6 to 12 year developmental stage?

<p>Identity Crisis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which identity status demonstrates that a person made a decision without exploring alternative options?

<p>Identity Foreclosure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what age range does puberty occur?

<p>6 to 12 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the potential outcome of an Identity Crisis during adolescence?

<p>A lack of self-understanding and confusion about one's role in life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of adolescence is characterized by a desire for independence from family?

<p>Middle Adolescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory, which stage of psychosocial development is characterized by the conflict between trust and mistrust?

<p>Infancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does Erikson suggest that the conflict between intimacy and isolation takes place?

<p>18 to 40 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a favorable outcome associated with the successful resolution of the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage of psychosocial development?

<p>Difficulty making decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary influential figure in the 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt' stage according to Erikson?

<p>Parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development is NOT associated with a specific age range?

<p>Middle Adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary conflict of the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage?

<p>Contributing to society vs. feeling stagnant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does Erikson suggest that the conflict between initiative and guilt takes place?

<p>3 to 5 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of psychosocial development is most associated with the development of close relationships?

<p>Young Adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential unfavorable outcome of the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?

<p>A strong sense of self-efficacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's model, at what stage does the development of a sense of identity become crucial?

<p>Adolescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attitude

A settled way of thinking and feeling about someone or something, affecting behavior.

Overt Behavior

Behavior that is open and can be directly observed, such as physical movements or verbal statements.

Covert Behavior

Closed behavior that cannot be directly observed, inferred or reported by a person.

Operant Conditioning

A learning method using rewards and punishments to modify behavior.

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Modeling

Learning that occurs by observing others and imitating their behaviors.

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ABC Model

A framework describing three components of attitude: Affect, Behavior, Cognition.

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Affect

The emotional response or feeling someone has towards an attitude object.

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Adolescence

The transitional stage from childhood to adulthood, typically ages 10 to 20.

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Puberty

Physical changes during adolescence involving sexual maturation and growth spurts.

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Identity Crisis

A period of uncertainty and confusion about one’s self-identity during adolescence.

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Identity Achievement

A status where a person has explored options and made a commitment to their identity.

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Identity Diffusion

A state where a person lacks a strong sense of self and has no direction.

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Erikson's Stages

Eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage; develops trust when needs are met from birth to 18 months.

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Autonomy vs. Shame

Second stage; preschoolers learn autonomy, developing confidence from 18 months to 3 years.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Third stage; children assert power through directing play and social interactions from ages 3 to 6.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

Fourth stage; children learn productivity and competence from ages 6 to 12.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

Fifth stage; adolescents explore identity and their role in society from puberty to 18 years.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

Sixth stage; young adults form intimate relationships or face isolation from 18 to 40 years.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Seventh stage; middle-aged adults contribute to society and guide the next generation from 40 to 65 years.

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Integrity vs. Despair

Eighth stage; reflecting on life in old age leads to feelings of fulfillment or regret from 65 years onwards.

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Influential Figures

Key individuals who impact development at each stage; varies from parents to friends to society.

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Holistic Development

An approach focusing on understanding individuals by considering them as whole beings, inclusive of all aspects of their life.

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Universal Virtues

Core values that guide moral behavior, including love, generosity, and kindness.

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7 Gifts of the Holy Spirit

Spiritual qualities believed to be given by the Holy Spirit, including wisdom, knowledge, and fear of the Lord.

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Physical Development

The growth and development of the body's physical aspects over time.

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Cognitive Development

The progression of mental processes like thinking, reasoning, and understanding throughout a person's life.

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Psychological Development

The evolution of mental and emotional aspects of a person, including feelings and behaviors.

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Social Development

The enhancement of social skills and interpersonal interactions throughout one's life.

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Spiritual Development

The growth related to an individual's beliefs, values, and existential understanding.

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Self Integration

The process of becoming aware of and accepting all aspects of oneself, leading to personal fulfillment.

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Age range for Initiative vs. Guilt

This stage occurs during early childhood, specifically from ages 3 to 6.

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Influential figures for Initiative vs. Guilt

The main influences are parents and teachers encouraging children to take initiative.

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Favorable Results of Initiative vs. Guilt

Positive outcomes include a sense of fulfillment and assertiveness in children.

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Unfavorable Results of Initiative vs. Guilt

Negative outcomes include feelings of loss of purpose and perfectionism.

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Age range for Industry vs. Inferiority

This developmental stage typically occurs during the school years, around ages 6 to 12.

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Old Age Development

The stage of 'integrity vs. despair' occurs in individuals aged 65 and older.

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Influential figures in Old Age

During old age, the community plays a critical role in shaping feelings of integrity.

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Favorable Results of Old Age Development

Positive reflections lead to a sense of fulfillment and wisdom in life.

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Study Notes

Module 1: Knowing Oneself

  • The self is the essence of a person, encompassing thoughts, feelings, actions, experiences, beliefs, values, principles, relationships, and life purpose.
  • Self-awareness, understanding one's conscious and unconscious mental/physical attributes, is crucial.
  • The actual self represents true qualities and characteristics, while the ideal self encompasses aspirations and desires.
  • Self-esteem is the overall opinion an individual has of themselves.
  • The Johari Window model highlights four aspects of self-knowledge: Open Self (known to self and others), Blind Self (unknown to self but known to others), Hidden Self (known to self but unknown to others), and Unknown Self (unknown to self and others).
  • Personality is a unique pattern of behaviors, feelings, and thoughts that distinguish individuals.
  • The Big Five personality traits include openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, with honesty/humility as a 6th trait.

Module 2: Developing the Whole Person

  • Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected elements influencing the whole person.
  • Thoughts are mental cognitions encompassing ideas, opinions, and beliefs about oneself and the world.
  • Feelings stem from external stimuli causing physical sensations like happiness, sadness, anger, or fear.
  • Behaviors are outward manifestations influenced by external stimuli (feelings).
  • Attitudes are settled ways of thinking and feeling about something, reflecting in behavior.
  • The ABC model (Affect, Behavior, Cognition) examines how feelings, actions, and beliefs contribute to attitudes.
  • Self-knowledge is essential in understanding oneself and others.

Module 3: Developmental Stages, Tasks, and Challenges

  • Holistic development encompasses physical, cognitive, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects.
  • Human development progresses through various stages, including infancy, early childhood, preschool, school age, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age.
  • Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages explore conflicts and virtues at each life phase.
  • Havighurst's developmental tasks highlight typical challenges and developmental milestones.

Module 3: Continued

  • Kohlberg's stages of moral development describe how individuals develop ethical reasoning.
  • Piaget's stages of cognitive development outline cognitive abilities across the lifespan.
  • Adolescence involves physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes.
  • Identity development, with its different statuses, is a key aspect of adolescence.
  • Challenges like role confusion and identity crises can arise during adolescence. These stages also examine the various challenges in different phases of life and possible unfavorable results

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