Understanding Appropriation in Government Spending

Questions and Answers

An appropriation differs from an entitlement because appropriations are automatically approved.

False

A bank of issue can only make loans secured by productive assets.

False

Central banks are permitted to 'monetize' assets for circulation as currency.

True

Legislators can increase government accountability by using tax credits and subsidies.

False Signup and view all the answers

A central bank differs from a commercial bank in that it primarily makes new loans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Banks of issue only print currency for commercial banks and do not interact with consumers.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tax expenditures can conceal government spending from the appropriations process.

True Signup and view all the answers

All bank loans must be backed by immediate deposits.

False Signup and view all the answers

The practice of purchasing assets by a central bank at face value is known as ‘discounting’.

False Signup and view all the answers

All individuals are allowed to discount their personal loans at a central bank.

False Signup and view all the answers

A commercial bank can function as a bank of issue if permitted by law.

True Signup and view all the answers

In binary economics, barriers refer to factors that promote full participation in the economic process.

False Signup and view all the answers

The central tenet of binary economics includes the division of production factors into human labor and capital.

True Signup and view all the answers

Binary economics suggests that scarcity is inevitable in economic systems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Robert Ashford identified four main concepts within binary theory.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binary economics promotes the idea of a truly just market that requires unlimited economic power of the state.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Credit Corporation (CCC) aims to promote capital ownership by aggregating loans for discounting by the Federal Reserve.

True Signup and view all the answers

All factors of production in binary economics are classified as human factors.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binary Growth emphasizes increased economic output through privatized capital acquisition.

True Signup and view all the answers

Capital Credit Insurance Corporation (CCIC) is designed to eliminate risks associated with Capital Homestead credit.

True Signup and view all the answers

The term ‘binary’ in binary economics refers strictly to human labor.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binary Productiveness asserts that human labor is the sole contributor to economic growth.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Credit Reinsurance Corporation (CCRC) functions as an 'insurer of last resort' for loans made under Capital Credit Funding.

False Signup and view all the answers

Capital Homestead Accounts (CHA) allow citizens to accumulate assets in a tax-sheltered manner similar to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs).

True Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Homestead Act is designed to limit access to capital assets for the majority of the population.

False Signup and view all the answers

The term 'capitalism' was initially coined by Adam Smith to describe the economy of the time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binary economists reject the description of capitalism as a system that promotes equal distribution of capital ownership.

True Signup and view all the answers

Charity is viewed by moral philosophers as a substitute for justice in socio-economic distribution.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of distribution for justice states, 'to each according to his contribution.'

True Signup and view all the answers

Capital Homesteading is an updated concept that only refers to land ownership.

False Signup and view all the answers

The CCRC helps spread risk of loan defaults through its unique reinsurance structure.

True Signup and view all the answers

Louis Kelso associated 'capitalism' with the idea of 'institutionalization of compassion.'

False Signup and view all the answers

Under 'Just Third Way,' capitalism is considered synonymous with democracy.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Homestead Exemption allows participants to accumulate an unlimited amount of capital without tax implications.

False Signup and view all the answers

The binary growth model aims to enforce barriers within the current financial and economic system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Both charity and justice are seen as valid and complementary principles by moral philosophers.

True Signup and view all the answers

Shareholders may make a personal claim on particular capital assets owned by the corporation at any time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Capital credit is designed to help individuals without sufficient past savings to become capital owners.

True Signup and view all the answers

Credit, Non-Recourse allows borrowers to use their personal assets as collateral.

False Signup and view all the answers

Interest-free loans are considered usurious under certain religious traditions when used for non-productive purposes.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Chicago Plan proposed a 100% reserve requirement as a response to the financial chaos of the stock market crash of 1929.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pure credit is based on the use of already accumulated savings to provide loans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Social charity is exclusively aimed at individual charitable acts and does not involve social justice.

False Signup and view all the answers

Self-liquidating credit anticipates that future profits will be used to pay off the costs of capital assets.

True Signup and view all the answers

Moses Maimonides believed that the highest form of charity is to ensure that poor individuals remain dependent on charitable donations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Corporate dividend distributions should only be increased to external shareholders and not to workers.

False Signup and view all the answers

Citizens Land Banks and Citizens Land Cooperatives are for-profit entities that allow shareholders to have direct ownership in local real estate.

True Signup and view all the answers

Credit, Pure involves charging interest on existing savings.

False Signup and view all the answers

Collectivism, as described in socialist theory, allows individuals to have personal ownership of land and resources.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, pure credit requires traditional collateral to cover loan defaults.

False Signup and view all the answers

The common good refers only to the social welfare of those in power, disregarding the needs of ordinary individuals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Credit, Consumer refers to funds borrowed for the purchase of income-generating assets.

False Signup and view all the answers

From the industrial revolution onward, the corporation has maximized its potential to balance productive growth and purchasing power.

False Signup and view all the answers

Consumption income is income saved and invested rather than spent on consumer goods.

False Signup and view all the answers

The role of a modern corporation is to limit liability for its owners while facilitating access to financial markets.

True Signup and view all the answers

Transaction fees are the only costs associated with the use of pure credit.

True Signup and view all the answers

William Ferree claimed that the Common Good is composed solely of government institutions.

False Signup and view all the answers

A leveraged Employee Stock Ownership Plan requires workers to be personally liable for loan defaults.

False Signup and view all the answers

A Community Investment Corporation operates on a nonprofit basis and does not provide citizen shareholders with direct control.

True Signup and view all the answers

Collateral is wealth that can be seized if a loan is defaulted upon.

True Signup and view all the answers

Social charity promotes the dismantling of social institutions in order to achieve justice.

False Signup and view all the answers

The term 'collective' refers to an acknowledgment of individual contributions within a group.

False Signup and view all the answers

Organized charity primarily focuses on addressing the needs of social institutions rather than individuals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Loans are typically paid at face value rather than at a discount.

False Signup and view all the answers

Distributism aims to create concentrated wealth by enabling ordinary citizens to acquire large ownership stakes of property.

False Signup and view all the answers

Dividends do not require approval from the Board of Directors under U.S. law.

False Signup and view all the answers

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) allow workers to vote their shares on all corporate issues.

False Signup and view all the answers

Ephemeralization refers to the process of decreasing the productivity of capital relative to labor.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Funds Rate is the rate that banks charge each other for long-term loans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Capital Homesteading policies would limit shareholders' rights to dividends.

False Signup and view all the answers

Economic Personalism focuses on individual ownership of businesses and productive assets.

False Signup and view all the answers

A duty implies that there is a corresponding right held by another party.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Reserve System was established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.

True Signup and view all the answers

Leveraged ESOPs require employees to use their savings to acquire shares.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Reserve's main objective today is to promote rapid economic growth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Distributive Justice addresses issues of economic justice.

True Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, credit for nonproductive uses is generated interest-free.

False Signup and view all the answers

Aggregate demand can be computed by subtracting total imports from total exports.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Discount Window is an actual physical window at a central bank where loans are processed.

False Signup and view all the answers

Economic dilution occurs when new shares are issued without an increase in the productivity of existing capital assets.

True Signup and view all the answers

A Customer Stock Ownership Plan allows customers to gain ownership rights based on their patronage.

True Signup and view all the answers

Deflation is characterized by an increase in the volume of available money or credit.

False Signup and view all the answers

Demand deposits refer to bank accounts that are not accessible via checks.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Reserve's discount window is exclusively available to member banks and members of the Farm Credit system.

True Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, new money is created by charging 1% or more as a service fee.

False Signup and view all the answers

Political dilution occurs when new shareholders are added, impacting existing shareholders' economic values.

False Signup and view all the answers

Dilution, economic, can occur even if new shares are issued without diminishing existing shares' economic values.

False Signup and view all the answers

Newly created money can be used to fund corporate growth through demand deposits.

True Signup and view all the answers

The discount rate is a fixed percentage that does not vary according to banking regulations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Deflation typically results from an expanded money supply keeping pace with capital investments.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Reserve System's discount operation exclusively supports foreign economies that can service their debts.

False Signup and view all the answers

Imputed rent is considered by some economists as the income one could potentially earn by renting their personal residence.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cost/Push inflation occurs when there is an increase in aggregate demand in the economy.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Industrial Homestead Act was developed in 1964 and later renamed the 'Capital Homestead Act' in 1995.

True Signup and view all the answers

Secondary securities involve newly issued equity or bonds directly from the issuer.

False Signup and view all the answers

Interest charged on loans without existing pools of savings is classified as a 'service charge' in binary economics.

True Signup and view all the answers

Demand/Pull inflation can be effectively managed through fiscal and monetary policy.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Global Justice Movement aims to promote binary economics and social injustice.

False Signup and view all the answers

Insurance to safeguard commercial lenders from borrower default is known as commercial capital debt insurance.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Just Third Way promotes economic empowerment through the privatization of capital.

False Signup and view all the answers

Forced savings are economic policies that can be applied to all enterprises equally, irrespective of their size.

False Signup and view all the answers

Inflation is defined solely as a decrease in the price level of goods and services.

False Signup and view all the answers

Primary securities refer to completely new equity shares or bonds bought directly from their issuer.

True Signup and view all the answers

Ephemeralization is a term that denotes the artificial increase in market-driven production costs.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Homesteading proposal allows for speculative purchases of secondary issuances using newly created money.

False Signup and view all the answers

The 'Just Third Way' supports the concept of economic plutocracy.

False Signup and view all the answers

Commutative justice deals with exchanges of unequal value between individuals.

False Signup and view all the answers

Distributive justice is based on the principle of equal outcomes for all contributors.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of justice includes a duty to establish harmony that promotes fairness within society.

True Signup and view all the answers

Economic justice solely focuses on the redistribution of wealth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Participative justice allows individuals only limited participation in economic decisions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Social justice encompasses personal responsibilities to organize against injustices in economic institutions.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Just Third Way proposes that property can be used to harm others if it benefits the owner economically.

False Signup and view all the answers

Justice, as described in classical philosophy, includes fortitude, temperance, and prudence.

True Signup and view all the answers

Economic harmony is achieved solely through government intervention in the marketplace.

False Signup and view all the answers

Greed is considered a virtue in the 'Just Third Way' ideological framework.

False Signup and view all the answers

The triad of principles in economic justice includes Participative, Distributive, and Regulatory Justice.

False Signup and view all the answers

Justice as a moral virtue promotes equity and fairness in human interactions.

True Signup and view all the answers

The economic justice framework aims to limit each person's potential for individual development.

False Signup and view all the answers

Participative justice requires every person to have access to the means of acquiring and possessing equity.

False Signup and view all the answers

Social justice seeks to promote the individual good of specific groups rather than the common good of society.

False Signup and view all the answers

Justice-Based Leadership integrates principles of economic and social justice into all aspects of personal and organizational life.

True Signup and view all the answers

JBM primarily evaluates success based on employee satisfaction rather than customer value delivery.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to binary theory, labor is solely related to physical work and excludes mental or entrepreneurial contributions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Social goods such as money, credit, and the ballot are critical tools for participation according to the principles of social justice.

True Signup and view all the answers

The 'input principle' in economic justice is primarily focused on individual rights rather than communal responsibilities.

False Signup and view all the answers

Transformational leadership includes components such as charisma and inspirational motivation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Participative justice supports the universalization of capital ownership barriers.

False Signup and view all the answers

Justice-Based Management was initially referred to as 'Value-Based Management' or 'VBM'.

True Signup and view all the answers

In binary economics, human capital is recognized as a crucial factor of production.

False Signup and view all the answers

The moral balance and harmony in social order are restored through acts of social justice.

True Signup and view all the answers

Justice-Based Leadership emphasizes individual leadership over the collective principles of justice.

False Signup and view all the answers

Economic justice relies solely on capital distribution without regard for economic contributions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Louis Kelso is known as a 'post scarcity' economist for creating a framework to counter artificial constraints to shared abundance.

True Signup and view all the answers

Economic sovereignty is properly defined as the right to a living wage and does not include ownership of one’s labor.

False Signup and view all the answers

Subsidiarity is defined as higher organizations usurping the functions of lower organizations for their own purposes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under binary economics, abundant resources can lead to increased rates of economic growth compared to more traditional systems.

True Signup and view all the answers

The principle of social justice suggests that the state should assume ownership of all means of production.

False Signup and view all the answers

A tax credit functions similarly to an entitlement by allowing taxpayers to retain funds otherwise payable in taxes for approved activities.

True Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with economic sovereignty have full access to the political ballot to safeguard their rights against government abuses.

True Signup and view all the answers

Shareholders are typically considered to have the first claim on corporate assets in the event of liquidation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under 100% reserves, every dollar of new money would be backed by productive assets.

True Signup and view all the answers

In binary economics, the concept of synergy refers to a situation where separate units together produce a lesser effect than if they acted individually.

False Signup and view all the answers

A bank is required to hold all of its financial assets in cash at the bank.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Credit Insurance Corporation is designed to provide guarantees for the loans made under Capital Credit Funding.

True Signup and view all the answers

Savings, past refers to existing pools of savings generated by reductions in consumption in the future.

False Signup and view all the answers

Say’s Law of Markets emphasizes that production and consumption should be imbalanced to spur economic growth.

False Signup and view all the answers

A binary economy is characterized by low levels of affluence due to concentrated capital ownership.

False Signup and view all the answers

Binary economics seeks to restore equilibrium by ensuring all consumers share profits from their ownership stakes in enterprises.

True Signup and view all the answers

The tax system typically treats payroll taxes as a straightforward payment of one's income tax obligation.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to binary economic principles, inclusive access to economic processes is viewed as a fundamental human right.

True Signup and view all the answers

The principle of limitation in binary economics aims to reduce harmful concentrations of capital ownership.

True Signup and view all the answers

Technological advancements are seen as a barrier to economic growth in non-binary economics.

False Signup and view all the answers

M1 includes savings deposits as part of its components.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tax credits are usually subject to extensive public scrutiny, similar to traditional government appropriations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Effective scarcity is defined as the quality or condition of having sufficient resources available.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of distribution for justice is summarized by the phrase, 'to each according to his contribution.'

True Signup and view all the answers

Mercantilism historically emphasized the accumulation of raw materials over manufactured goods.

False Signup and view all the answers

Capital Homesteading solely refers to the ownership of technology.

False Signup and view all the answers

The M3 monetary aggregate included large-denomination time deposits before it was discontinued by the Federal Reserve.

True Signup and view all the answers

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs prioritizes self-actualization above social needs.

True Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, risk premiums are pooled by capital credit insurers to substitute for collateral.

True Signup and view all the answers

Seasonally adjusted M2 is derived by adding seasonally adjusted savings deposits to M1.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to binary economics, effective scarcity is an inevitable constraint on growth and development.

False Signup and view all the answers

Economic personalism rejects private property rights and promotes collective ownership.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of harmony is another name for the principle of limitation in binary economics.

True Signup and view all the answers

Self-liquidating credit expects that future profits will not be used to repay the costs of capital assets.

False Signup and view all the answers

Just Third Way economic principles emphasize the concentration of economic power to prevent corruption.

False Signup and view all the answers

Savings, forced involves purchasing productive assets with cash accumulated by increasing consumer goods purchases.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Federal Reserve continues to measure the M3 monetary aggregate as of 2023.

False Signup and view all the answers

Power in an economic sense entails the ability to control resources and influence production.

True Signup and view all the answers

A secondary market is specifically for purchasing financial instruments directly from original issuers.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Chicago Plan proposed a response of a 50% reserve requirement to the financial crisis of 1929.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of distributive justice is solely focused on equitable wage distribution.

False Signup and view all the answers

Personalism promotes the idea that human rights are bestowed by the state.

False Signup and view all the answers

Market glut occurs when there is production that cannot be cleared at market prices.

True Signup and view all the answers

Pragmatic approaches to economic personalism seek to unify all forms of capital ownership.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of distributive justice emphasizes that individuals should receive wealth based solely on need.

False Signup and view all the answers

Price in a centrally planned economy is established based on market dynamics and buyer preferences.

False Signup and view all the answers

Mercantilist policies are often associated with a just and free global market.

False Signup and view all the answers

M3 encompasses all individual retirement account (IRA) balances within its aggregate calculation.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Just Third Way seeks to normalize unequal access to productive capital as a human right.

False Signup and view all the answers

The practice of organizing to ensure participation in economic justice was recognized by Kelso and Adler.

True Signup and view all the answers

Economic personalism recognizes labor and capital as primary inputs for market production.

True Signup and view all the answers

Power can be exercised solely over economic resources, disregarding its connections to political authority.

False Signup and view all the answers

The concept of price only applies to goods traded in free markets.

False Signup and view all the answers

Charity and social justice are seen as mutually exclusive principles in moral philosophy.

False Signup and view all the answers

An unjust society increases the tendency toward the concentration of power and abuse.

True Signup and view all the answers

Procreative credit focuses on the contributions made by the state to individual capital ownership.

False Signup and view all the answers

Justice-Based Management (JBM) was originally termed as a philosophy for creating an expanded ownership culture in corporations.

True Signup and view all the answers

Voting passthrough allows participants in an ESOP to vote on all shareholder issues.

False Signup and view all the answers

In a wage system, the vast majority of people earn income primarily through investments and not through wages.

False Signup and view all the answers

Leisure work, as defined by Aristotle, refers to unpaid work done for personal or social satisfaction.

True Signup and view all the answers

The concept of zero-sum in economics means that one person's gain is accompanied by another person's loss.

True Signup and view all the answers

In binary economics, the concentration of ownership and control is always seen as beneficial for society.

False Signup and view all the answers

Capital Credit Insurance Corporation is designed to protect loans made under Capital Credit Funding.

True Signup and view all the answers

The 'Just Third Way' perspective equates capitalism strictly with market competition.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, individuals can accumulate capital without tax implications for unlimited amounts.

False Signup and view all the answers

The principle of distribution for justice states 'to each according to his need.'

False Signup and view all the answers

The marginal propensity to consume of a wealthier individual is typically higher than that of a poorer individual.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Quantity Theory of Money formula shows that an increase in money supply directly leads to a proportionate change in price level.

True Signup and view all the answers

Under the Currency Principle of economics, price level determines the money supply.

False Signup and view all the answers

Property ownership includes the right to destroy the owned object, as long as it does not harm others.

True Signup and view all the answers

Profits are calculated by adding labor costs to total revenues received from sales.

False Signup and view all the answers

A rediscounting process involves central banks accepting financial documents already discounted by commercial banks.

True Signup and view all the answers

In a 100% reserve requirement system, banks must have all deposited funds available for immediate withdrawal.

True Signup and view all the answers

The velocity of money is determined by multiplying the Net National Product by the total stock of money in circulation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Monetization is primarily performed by individual citizens rather than banks.

False Signup and view all the answers

The financial gain from the use of capital is known as income distribution.

False Signup and view all the answers

Economic theories such as Keynesian and Austrian share the same foundational principle regarding the money supply.

False Signup and view all the answers

Money serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, a standard of value, and a common measure of value.

True Signup and view all the answers

The average price level in an economy is not influenced by the number of transactions.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under Capital Homesteading, new money is created only from past savings.

False Signup and view all the answers

The closed system of financing capital formation does not benefit the lower income groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

Negative Income Tax redistributes income from those who earn above a certain level to all persons.

True Signup and view all the answers

The rights of property owners include a restriction against using their property in ways that could harm the general welfare.

True Signup and view all the answers

Money is primarily consumed by individuals in the economy.

False Signup and view all the answers

The concept of capital credit aims to assist those with sufficient past savings to acquire more capital.

False Signup and view all the answers

The Open Market Committee governs the U.S. money supply by managing Treasury securities.

True Signup and view all the answers

Paper, Agricultural financial instruments are typically unsecured loans.

False Signup and view all the answers

Artificial persons, such as corporations, are treated legally as individuals with rights and duties.

True Signup and view all the answers

Personalism promotes the idea that all human beings have equal natural rights.

True Signup and view all the answers

Newly created money under Capital Homesteading requires interest rates that are traditionally payable.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tax expenditures can improve government accountability by making spending more visible.

False Signup and view all the answers

Each citizen in a Capital Homesteading system is expected to own and govern their capital assets.

True Signup and view all the answers

Interest-free loans can be viewed as usurious based on certain religious guidelines.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Capital Credit Insurance Corporation is aimed at spreading the risks associated with Capital Homestead credit.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Appropriation

Legislative process allocating funds to government programs on a discretionary basis, differing from automatic entitlement funding.
Tax breaks can obscure government spending, reducing transparency and accountability to taxpayers.

Types of Banks

Bank: Financial institutions for deposits and loans.
Bank of Issue: Issues loans by printing currency backed by its assets.
Central Bank: Functions as a bank for commercial banks, involved in money creation and control of monetary policy via asset purchasing.
Commercial Bank: Facilitates economic transactions through deposits and loans, can create money when permitted.
Investment Bank: Acts as an intermediary in buying/selling securities.

Binary Economics

Developed by Louis O. Kelso; divides production into human labor and capital.
Advocates for economic growth through shared ownership of capital, rejecting scarcity as inevitable.
Emphasizes that broad ownership of capital amongst individuals can create economic freedom and justice.
Identifies three principles: Binary Growth, Binary Productiveness, and Binary Property Right, promoting equitable capital ownership.

Capital Instruments and Organizations

Capital: Non-human production elements, including land, equipment, and intellectual property.
Capital Credit Corporation (CCC): Promotes capital ownership through loan aggregation for discounts by the Federal Reserve.
Capital Credit Insurance Corporation (CCIC): Provides credit insurance for Capital Homestead credits, safeguards lenders against defaults.
Capital Homestead: Concept from the 19th century expanded to include ownership of advanced technologies for wealth accumulation.
Capital Homestead Account (CHA): A tax-sheltered account for accumulating capital assets and generating income.

Economic Systems

Capitalism: Concentrated capital ownership with a significant proportion of the population employed with little ownership.
Advocated by Kelso as "universal capitalism," a system favoring individual ownership over labor dependence.
Critics argue capitalism fosters class division and monopolies.

Charity: Moral principle involving altruism without expecting returns, focused on needs.
Social Charity: Guides individual behavior towards institutions, aimed at reforming rather than destroying.

Historical Economic Proposals

Chicago Plan: 1930s proposal for a 100% reserve requirement in banking to prevent financial crises.

Collective Ownership and Society

Collectivism: Denies personal ownership rights, contrasting with joint ownership models where individuals share ownership rights and profits.
Common Good: Framework for individuals to exercise rights that promote societal justice and personal fulfillment. Advocates cooperation among institutions for social development.

Corporate Structure

Corporation: Legal entity limiting liability for owners, facilitating financial operations while separating personal assets from corporate debts.

Consumption and Income

Consumption Income: Expenditures on consumer goods instead of savings or investments.### Corporate Accountability and Democracy
The industrial revolution and the Information Age have led to increased managerial abuses within corporations.
Corporations need to enhance contributions to society by balancing market productivity with consumer purchasing power.
Democratizing corporate accountability and improving transparency can mitigate corporate drawbacks.
Increasing corporate dividends to a broader base, especially workers, could improve stakeholder engagement.

Economic Terms and Concepts

Cost: Represents the total of tangible and intangible charges related to producing goods and services, typically measured in currency.
Credit: Refers to loans that must be repaid, usually with interest or fees.
- Capital Credit: Funds for feasible projects expected to generate income and repay loans from future earnings; enables capital ownership for those lacking savings.
- Consumer Credit: Borrowed funds to purchase non-income generating consumer goods.
- Interest-Free Credit: Loans not tied to existing savings; viewed differently across religions due to concepts of usury.
- Non-Recourse Credit: Loans secured by project assets, shielding personal assets from default risks.
- Pure Credit: Interest-free loans for productive projects based on future income-generating potential.
- Self-Liquidating Credit: Loans forecasted to be repaid from the profits generated by the assets financed.

Financial Systems and Policies

Two-Tiered Credit System: Differentiates between beneficial uses of credit (capital ownership growth) and harmful (nonproductive debts).
Currency: Standardized tokens of value used as money within an economy.
Customer Stock Ownership Plan (CSOP): A model enabling regular customers of utilities to gain ownership shares based on their patronage.

Economic Dynamics

Demand: The desire for goods/services supported by the ability to make legal transactions.
- Aggregate Demand: Total demand calculated from consumer goods, services, investments, and net exports.
- Effective Demand: Income allocated for consumption rather than reinvestment.
Dilution: Two types exist:
- Economic Dilution: Reduction in company asset values due to new shares without profit increases.
- Political Dilution: Addition of shareholders without diminishing existing shareholders' economic value.

Monetary Concepts

Discount Rate: The interest percentage central banks reduce for loans; essential for monetary policy.
Discounting Process: Central banks create currency or demand deposits to purchase qualified loans at a discount.
Dividends: Profit distributions to shareholders, traditionally approved by a corporation’s board of directors.

Ownership Structures

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP): A method allowing employees to acquire ownership shares in their companies without personal financial risk.
Capital Homesteading: A policy aimed at spreading ownership and financing for new capital via interest-free credit, backed by progressive assets.

Economic Models and Movements

Global Justice Movement: An initiative focusing on restructuring the global economic framework to align with social and economic justice principles.
Distributism: Advocated by figures like G.K. Chesterton, promoting small ownership of productive assets to distribute wealth more equitably.

Current Economic Challenges

Inflation: A rise in pricing levels categorized as Demand/Pull or Cost/Push inflation.
Deflation: A fall in price levels, often a result of reduced money supply leading to fewer units of currency available for an unchanged amount of goods and services.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Federal Reserve System: Established by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913; responsible for controlling inflation and ensuring stability in the U.S. dollar, primarily acting as a lender of last resort.
Entitlement: Automatic government funding allocations, such as subsidies, differing from appropriations which need approval each time.

Understanding these economic principles and corporate structures is essential for navigating the complexities of modern financial systems and advocating for more equitable practices.### Commercial Capital Credit Insurance

Serves as a substitute for collateral, aiding borrowers with limited savings.
Protects lenders from risks associated with loans for purchasing corporate growth shares under Capital Homesteading.

Interest

Represents a portion of project profits due to financing provisions, commonly viewed as a "charge for money usage."
Accurately defined as a "service charge" or "transaction fee" when money is created using "pure credit."

Security Issuances

Primary Issuance: Newly issued equity shares or bonds from issuers, can be government or private entities.
Secondary Issuance: Existing equity shares or bonds sold by previous holders, typically traded on exchanges; speculative values drive prices.
Under Capital Homesteading, speculative purchases of secondary issuances are restricted to "old money."

Just Third Way

Proposes a free market that democratizes money and credit access for all, promoting individual ownership of income-producing capital.
Represents a third alternative to socialism and capitalism, aiming to disperse capital ownership and prevent economic corruption.
Advocates for the restoration and extension of private property rights to key underpin economic democracy.

Justice

Defined as universal principles guiding moral judgments, emphasizing respect for rights and equity.
Encompasses categories: Commutative (value exchanges), Distributive (proportionality in distribution), and Economic (foundational moral principles in economic interactions).

Justice Types

Commutative Justice: Focuses on exact exchanges in transactions; e.g., a $5 debt needs $5 repayment.
Distributive Justice: Assesses proportionality in distributions based on contributions, defining just wages and profits through market dynamics.
Economic Justice: Guides the establishment of fair economic institutions that enable individual potential development.

Participative Justice: Advocates for universal access to means of contribution through labor and capital; rewards based on participation.
Social Justice: Centers on the common good, ensuring equal access to resources for all societal members and facilitating collaboration for institutional reform.

Justice-Based Leadership (JBL)

Aligns values and actions across levels of an organization based on justice principles, integrating aspects of servant and transformational leadership.
Aims to empower individuals within organizations, strengthening overall group effectiveness.

Justice-Based Management (JBM)

A management framework rooted in principles of justice, aimed at creating sustainable ownership cultures and maximizing customer value.
Measures success through customer value delivery insightfully factoring in quality and price dynamics.

Labor

Defined in binary economics as all forms of human work contributing to economic processes rather than merely expressed through capital appreciation.

Monetary Aggregates

M1: Includes currency, travelers checks, and demand deposits; essential for understanding liquidity in the economy.
M2: Encompasses M1 plus savings deposits and small time deposits; indicates a broader measure of money supply.
M3: Previously contained M2 plus large deposits and institutional funds; discontinued as a metric in 2006.

Market Dynamics

Market Glut: Describes a condition where production exceeds market demand, impacting pricing.
Primary Market: Transactions involve direct purchases from original issuers.
Secondary Market: Deals with transactions of financial instruments among other parties, distinct from the original issuer.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the concept of appropriation in the legislative process, focusing on how funds are allocated to government programs. Learn the differences between appropriations and entitlement programs, as well as the implications of discretionary funding. Perfect for those interested in public finance and government operations.