Understanding Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy Failure
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of antibiotic therapy failure?

  • Wrong dose regimen
  • Suppressed host response (correct)
  • Poor selection
  • Unjustified therapy

    • What is the purpose of carrying out microbial diagnosis?

  • To measure sensitivity
  • To determine resistance
  • To identify the type of bacteria (correct)
  • To ensure owner compliance

    • How is resistance determined using disk-diffusion method?

  • By observing the color change of the disk
  • By analyzing the genetic material of the bacteria
  • By measuring the relative diameter of inhibition (correct)
  • By counting the number of colonies

    • What are clinical breakpoints used for?

    <p>To define resistance based on MIC values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization sets lab standards for antibiotic resistance testing in the US?

    <p>CSLI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MIC value used to define resistance in the example criteria?

    <p>More than 128</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of intrinsic resistance?

    <p>Bacteria lacking a target for a specific antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mechanism of resistance for β-Lactams?

    <p>Cleavage by β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of acquired resistance?

    <p>Bacteria acquiring a new gene for resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of methicillin in methicillin resistance?

    <p>Binding to alternate PBP (Mec)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common resistance mechanism for β-Lactams?

    <p>Reduced permeability to the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of efflux systems in bacteria?

    <p>To pump drugs out and maintain a low level of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with aminoglycosides?

    <p>Enzymatic modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with quinolones?

    <p>Target mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with glycopeptides?

    <p>Altered cell walls peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with tetracyclines?

    <p>Mainly efflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with rifamycins?

    <p>Altered mutated RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with oxazolidinones?

    <p>Mutations in 23S rRNA genes followed by gene conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of resistance is associated with pleuromutilins?

    <p>Ribosomal proteins preventing binding to target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region between MIC and MSC called?

    <p>Minimum selected concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring sensitivity in antibiotic resistance testing?

    <p>To determine the concentration of antibiotics needed to inhibit bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between disk-diffusion and MIC determination methods in antibiotic resistance testing?

    <p>Disk-diffusion measures the relative diameter of inhibition, while MIC determination measures the antibiotic concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are clinical breakpoints used for in antibiotic resistance testing?

    <p>To determine whether a bacteria is sensitive or resistant to a specific antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization sets lab standards for antibiotic resistance testing in Europe?

    <p>EUCAST</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mechanism of resistance for β-Lactams?

    <p>Target site modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MIC value used to define resistance in the example criteria?

    <p>Greater than 128</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between intrinsic and acquired resistance?

    <p>Intrinsic resistance is an innate ability while acquired resistance is obtained through exposure to drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of acquired resistance by mutation and modification of the target?

    <p>Mutation of target site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of antibiotics inhibits cell-wall synthesis?

    <p>β-Lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mechanism of resistance for β-Lactams?

    <p>Cleavage by β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are generally resistant to cephalosporins?

    <p>Enterococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mecA in the context of methicillin resistance?

    <p>An equivalent of PBP with lower affinity for methicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics inhibits the formation of the 70S ribosomal complex?

    <p>Oxazolidinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resistance mechanism is associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA genes and ribosomal proteins preventing binding to the target?

    <p>Mutations in the 23S rRNA genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe strains that are resistant to up to three clinical antimicrobial categories, but still have usable options?

    <p>MDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resistance mechanism is associated with altered cell wall peptides and efflux?

    <p>Altered cell wall peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases the risk of selection for resistance?

    <p>Length of selected levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resistance mechanism is associated with enzymatic modification, efflux, and ribosomal mutations?

    <p>Efflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits transcription by targeting the RNA polymerase?

    <p>Rifamycins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic should be administered using the highest possible doses to achieve concentration-dependent killing?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a cause of antibiotic therapy failure?

    <p>Unjustified therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing?

    <p>To determine the resistance profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is resistance determined using disk-diffusion method?

    <p>By measuring the relative diameter of inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of resistance occurs when a microorganism obtains the ability to resist the activity of a new drug?

    <p>Acquired resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of intrinsic resistance?

    <p>Poor permeability due to outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resistance mechanism is associated with alteration of the drug, alteration of the target site, and efflux systems?

    <p>Efflux systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell-wall synthesis?

    <p>Glycopeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of good antibiotic stewardship?

    <p>To limit the use of antibiotics only when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe strains that are resistant to all antimicrobial agents listed?

    <p>PDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region between MIC and MSC called?

    <p>Minimum selected concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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