Understanding Airway Resistance

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Which of the following is the correct equation to determine airway resistance (AWR)?

AWR = Air flow / Cross sectional area

AWR = Driving pressure / Cross sectional area

AWR = (Driving pressure / Air flow) x Cross sectional area

AWR = Driving pressure / Air flow (correct)

In healthy individuals, where is the major site of resistance to flow of air?

Smaller airways

Larger airways (correct)

All airways have equal resistance

Mid-size airways

In most common disease states, where is the major site of resistance to flow of air?

Larger airways

All airways have equal resistance

Mid-size airways

Smaller airways (correct)

What are some factors that can cause a reduction in the luminal size of the smaller airways?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is airway resistance (AWR)?

The force to reduce the air flow (in opposite air flow direction) during respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates high airway resistance?

Slow air flow and high driving pressure Signup and view all the answers

What causes airway resistance?

The friction between the walls of the airway and the airflow Signup and view all the answers

In which generation of the bronchi have the greatest airway resistance?

Generation 3 Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect airway diameter?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of mechanical tethering in relation to airway diameter?

It stretches and distends the airways during lung inflation Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the narrowing of the airway lumen during massive mucus secretion?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor helps keep the alveoli open?

Alveolar Interdependence Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of asthma in terms of airway inflammation?

Chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with higher airway resistance (AWR)?

Chronic bronchitis/COPD Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Noradrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mediator is responsible for non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Vasoactive intestinal peptide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug can reduce airway resistance by blocking parasympathetic stimulation?

Anticholinergic Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are abundantly expressed on human airway smooth muscle and their stimulation causes bronchodilation?

β-adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the airways has high density parasympathetic innervation?

Bronchial smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

bronchodilation and less secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

Bronchoconstriction and secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for the contraction of airway smooth muscle when acetylcholine binds to it?

M3 muscarinic receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor limits further acetylcholine release in the parasympathetic nervous system?

M2 muscarinic receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of histamine release in the airways?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex mechanism is triggered by parasympathetic stimulation and helps cough out irritant particles?

Increased mucus production Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for increasing smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stimulation is important for the cough reflex?

Parasympathetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bronchospasm and reflex mechanisms in asthma?

They are exaggerated Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of increased mucus production in the airways during parasympathetic stimulation?

It helps to cough out particles Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are targeted by β2-adrenergic agonists to induce bronchodilation?

Beta-adrenergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stimulation is responsible for the release of histamine from mast cells in the airways?

Parasympathetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs acts on muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic stimulation to counteract bronchoconstriction?

M3 muscarinic antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stimulation leads to bronchodilation and less secretion in the airways?

Sympathetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NANC (non-adrenergic non-cholinergic) neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

They are part of the parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a β2-adrenoceptor agonist used for bronchodilation?

Atropine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of β2-adrenoceptor agonists on mediator release from mast cells?

Inhibition of mediator release Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pharmacological intervention acts on muscarinic receptors to block the effects of parasympathetic stimulation?

M3 muscarinic antagonists Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is targeted by anti-histamines in the context of parasympathetic stimulation?

H1 receptor Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement on airway resistance:

Increased muscle tone of respiratory tract results in higher airway resistance Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement on autonomic nervous system of respiratory system:

There is no sympathetic innervation on the smooth muscle of respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

Select the best statement on parasympathetic nervous system on respiratory system.

The mast cells release the histamine and cause bronchoconstriction when one is inhaling the cold air or contacted with air-borne allergens Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement on sympathetic nervous system on respiratory system.

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system increases the cAMP level in respiratory tract smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement on drug in reducing the airway resistance.

Parasympathetic antagonist like atropine is helpful in inhibiting the bronchial muscle tone and secretion Signup and view all the answers

Understanding Airway Resistance

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the correct equation to determine airway resistance (AWR)?

In healthy individuals, where is the major site of resistance to flow of air?

In most common disease states, where is the major site of resistance to flow of air?

What are some factors that can cause a reduction in the luminal size of the smaller airways?

What is airway resistance (AWR)?

Which factor indicates high airway resistance?

What causes airway resistance?

In which generation of the bronchi have the greatest airway resistance?

What factors can affect airway diameter?

What is the mechanism of mechanical tethering in relation to airway diameter?

What can cause the narrowing of the airway lumen during massive mucus secretion?

Which factor helps keep the alveoli open?

What is a characteristic of asthma in terms of airway inflammation?

Which condition is associated with higher airway resistance (AWR)?

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Which type of mediator is responsible for non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Which type of drug can reduce airway resistance by blocking parasympathetic stimulation?

Which receptors are abundantly expressed on human airway smooth muscle and their stimulation causes bronchodilation?

Which part of the airways has high density parasympathetic innervation?

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

Which receptor is responsible for the contraction of airway smooth muscle when acetylcholine binds to it?

Which receptor limits further acetylcholine release in the parasympathetic nervous system?

What is the cause of histamine release in the airways?

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for parasympathetic stimulation in the autonomic nervous system?

Which reflex mechanism is triggered by parasympathetic stimulation and helps cough out irritant particles?

Which molecule is responsible for increasing smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion?

Which type of stimulation is important for the cough reflex?

What happens to bronchospasm and reflex mechanisms in asthma?

What is the role of increased mucus production in the airways during parasympathetic stimulation?

Which receptors are targeted by β2-adrenergic agonists to induce bronchodilation?

Which type of stimulation is responsible for the release of histamine from mast cells in the airways?

Which class of drugs acts on muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic stimulation to counteract bronchoconstriction?

Which type of stimulation leads to bronchodilation and less secretion in the airways?

What is the role of NANC (non-adrenergic non-cholinergic) neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a β2-adrenoceptor agonist used for bronchodilation?

What is the effect of β2-adrenoceptor agonists on mediator release from mast cells?

Which type of pharmacological intervention acts on muscarinic receptors to block the effects of parasympathetic stimulation?

Which type of receptor is targeted by anti-histamines in the context of parasympathetic stimulation?

Select the correct statement on airway resistance:

Select the correct statement on autonomic nervous system of respiratory system:

Select the best statement on parasympathetic nervous system on respiratory system.

Select the correct statement on sympathetic nervous system on respiratory system.

Select the correct statement on drug in reducing the airway resistance.

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