Ultrasound Safety and Thermal Index Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the thermal index (TI)?

An approximation of the rise in tissue temperature when scanning.

What is the maximum temperature elevation considered safe for a fetus during an exam?

  • 4 degrees C
  • 5 degrees C
  • 1 degree C
  • 2 degrees C (correct)

    • A thermal index above 1.0 is always safe for examinations.

    False

    What should be minimized to reduce heating effects during ultrasound examinations?

    <p>Exposure time and output power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ zone is where the heating of tissue is greatest during ultrasound scanning.

    <p>focal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it advisable to use pulsed Doppler during ultrasound examinations?

    <p>When medically necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of minimizing dwell time during examinations?

    <p>To reduce temperature elevation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to minimize the output of the ultrasound machine?

    <p>Turn down the power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for performing a first trimester pelvic ultrasound?

    <p>Assess development, growth, and well-being of fetus, obstetric management of abnormal condition, estimation of gestational age, evaluation of fetal growth and position, vaginal bleeding of undetermined origin, suspected multiple gestations, chorionic villus sampling, pelvic mass evaluation, suspected hydatidiform mole, suspected ectopic pregnancy, evaluation of pregnancy with an IUD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to obtain lab values prior to performing an OB ultrasound in the first trimester?

    <p>To check LMP, GPA, medications, clinical problems, and to confirm positive pregnancy tests via Beta-HCG levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conceptual age?

    <p>The age of the fetus from the day of conception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gestational age?

    <p>It uses the first day of the last menstrual period as the beginning of gestation, adding 2 weeks to conceptual age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qualitative tests only detect the presence of the hormone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides specific levels of hCG in the blood?

    <p>Quantitative tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a greater than expected hCG level indicate? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Incorrect dates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a lower than expected hCG level indicate? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Embryonic demise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the heart begin to beat?

    <p>By about 6 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the yolk sac predict upon visualization?

    <p>Intrauterine pregnancy in approximately 90% of gestations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the yolk sac be visualized?

    <p>Transvaginally when the gestational sac measures 12 mm, transabdominally when the MSD is 10-15 mm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mean sac diameter (MSD) used for?

    <p>Dating an early pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is CRL and how is it measured?

    <p>Crown rump length is the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the rump, excluding the legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be measured to assess fetal heart rate?

    <p>M-mode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a teratogen?

    <p>A substance capable of causing abnormal structure in an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can low levels of PAPP-A and Beta-HCG indicate?

    <p>Abnormal implantation, poor placentation, or risk of Trisomy 21.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a quad screen, and what markers does it test?

    <p>MSAFP, hCG, unconjugated estriol, Inhibin-A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated Alpha-Feto Protein indicate?

    <p>Increased risk of open neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amniocentesis?

    <p>A procedure used to obtain amniotic fluid for prenatal testing and diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be performed to evaluate the amniotic fluid levels if a targeted ultrasound can’t establish the causes of abnormal multiple marker screenings?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is amniocentesis usually performed?

    <p>16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used during amniocentesis in multiple gestation pregnancies to ensure each sac is tapped only once?

    <p>Dye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for termination of pregnancy prior to 20 weeks gestation?

    <p>Abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some causes of spontaneous abortion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Chromosomal causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sonographic findings of a complete abortion?

    <p>Empty uterus with normal endometrium, small amount of fluid within endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the condition of an incomplete abortion.

    <p>Part of products of conception remain in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a missed abortion?

    <p>The presence of an embryo without cardiac activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are signs that indicate an inevitable abortion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Bleeding x 7+ days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a threatened abortion?

    <p>Condition where the pregnancy could be in jeopardy but continues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anembryonic pregnancy?

    <p>Gestation where the embryo does not develop or is not visualized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are clinical signs of anembryonic pregnancy?

    <p>Beta-hCG levels not rising, small uterus for dates, vaginal spotting, closed cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a septic abortion?

    <p>Abortion resulting from infection with non-sterile instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Implantation of the fertilized ovum at a site other than the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are possible sites of ectopic pregnancy? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Peritoneal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical symptoms are associated with ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Positive pregnancy test, vaginal spotting, adnexal tenderness, pelvic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a complete hydatiform mole?

    <p>Chorionic villi are hydropic without identifiable embryonic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a complete hydatiform mole treated?

    <p>Suction curettage and possibly hysterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanical index in ultrasound?

    <p>An indication of the ultrasound beam's ability to cause cavitation-related bioeffects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermal index related to?

    <p>The intensity and the probe frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thermal index approximatively indicate?

    <p>Rise in tissue temperature when scanning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any examination that causes a temperature elevation to greater than 4 degrees C is considered safe for a fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keep the thermal index (TI) below ______ whenever possible.

    <p>1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important concept related to thermal index and examinations?

    <p>Dwell time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be minimized during an examination to limit exposure?

    <p>Time and intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Power down, gain up' mean in the context of ultrasound examinations?

    <p>Decreases the power of the sound beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M-mode should be used whenever possible for fetal heart documentation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Limit exposure to vulnerable ______ tissues.

    <p>gas filled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the focal zone to minimize heating of tissue?

    <p>Move it as deep as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for performing a first trimester pelvic ultrasound?

    <p>Evaluate pelvic mass location and nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primordial heart begins to beat by about 6 weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is qualitative hCG?

    <p>Detects the presence of the hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a possible abnormal pregnancy if the yolk sac is not visualized?

    <p>Suggestive of an abnormal pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ begins to beat by about 6 weeks.

    <p>primordial heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions does the yolk sac serve during early pregnancy?

    <p>Provides nutrients to the developing embryo, hematopoiesis, and develops embryonic endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a teratogen?

    <p>A substance capable of causing abnormal structure in an embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal sonographic appearance of the gestational sac?

    <p>Round, oval or teardrop shaped, with echogenic, intact borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps determine chromosomal abnormalities earlier in gestation?

    <p>Chorionic villus sampling (CVS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'mean sac diameter'?

    <p>Mean sac diameter is used to date an early pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is the first sonographic evidence of pregnancy.

    <p>gestational sac (GS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) look like in a baby with Trisomy 21?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should cardiac activity be visualized in early pregnancy?

    <p>By 6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper way to measure nuchal translucency?

    <p>Measure the thickness of the nuchal fold on the back of the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can elevated hCG levels indicate?

    <p>Incorrect dates, gestational trophoblastic disease, or multiple gestations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trophoblastic cells?

    <p>Provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreased MSAFP level suggest?

    <p>Incorrect dates or chromosome abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A greater than expected hCG level can indicate: ________ or multiple gestations.

    <p>Incorrect dates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is amniocentesis usually performed?

    <p>16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using dye during the amniocentesis procedure in multiple gestation pregnancies?

    <p>To ensure that each sac is only tapped once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some causes of spontaneous abortion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Interruption of embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complete abortion?

    <p>All products of conception are expelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sonographic findings of a complete abortion?

    <p>Empty uterus with normal endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an incomplete abortion?

    <p>Part of products of conception remain in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sonographic findings of a missed abortion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Embryo without cardiac activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions indicate an inevitable abortion? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Moderate effacement of the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a threatened abortion?

    <p>Condition in which the future of the pregnancy could be in jeopardy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anembryonic pregnancy?

    <p>Gestation in which the embryo does not develop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical signs of an anembryonic pregnancy?

    <p>Beta-hCG levels not rising as expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a septic abortion?

    <p>Infection from non-sterile surgical abortion instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sonographic findings of an ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Live extrauterine embryo, and an empty uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies?

    <p>Ampulla of the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gestational trophoblastic disease?

    <p>A spectrum of pathologic conditions from abnormal trophoblastic tissue growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical findings of complete hydatiform mole? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Chorionic villi are hydropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a partial mole?

    <p>Has one set of maternal chromosomes and two sets of paternal chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an invasive mole from choriocarcinoma?

    <p>Invasive mole penetrates myometrium; choriocarcinoma is metastatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

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