Ultrasound Physics and Applications Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between ultrasonic frequency and penetration depth?

  • Higher frequency leads to increased penetration
  • Frequency has no effect on penetration depth
  • Higher frequency leads to decreased penetration (correct)
  • Only low frequencies penetrate deeper

How does ultrasound intensity change as it penetrates deeper into tissue?

  • Intensity decreases 2 times (correct)
  • Intensity increases exponentially
  • Intensity decreases at a rate of 2.5 times
  • Intensity decreases linearly

Which of the following is NOT a known interaction of ultrasound with biological tissue?

  • Causes heat effect
  • Causes chemical effect
  • Causes photonic emission (correct)
  • Causes cavitation

Which biological effect of ultrasound is characterized by structural and physiological changes over time?

<p>Long-term effect with structural changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect of ultrasound is primarily associated with changes at the cellular level?

<p>Microvibration in the cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ultrasound method is primarily used for evaluating heart conditions?

<p>Echocardiography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can significantly impact the biological effects of ultrasound?

<p>Frequency of the ultrasound (A), Power of the ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the therapeutic uses of ultrasound?

<p>Pain relief (A), Breaking down kidney stones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the intensity of ultrasound affect its application?

<p>High-intensity ultrasound can cause tissue heating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common application of ultrasound?

<p>Structural MRI of the spine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal audio frequency range for human hearing?

<p>2500 Hz - 3000 Hz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency range defines the limits of human hearing?

<p>16 Hz - 20000 Hz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which categorization does not belong to the types of sound perceived by humans?

<p>Radio waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents sound attenuation?

<p>$1 = I_0 ext{ exp}(-λ_1)$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not correctly represent a type of sound detected by the human ear?

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods utilizes medical sound waves for diagnostic purposes?

<p>Auscultation method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary effects observed when ultrasound interacts with biological tissues?

<p>Thermal effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intensity ranges correctly categorizes ultrasonic power for medical applications?

<p>Medium intensity 1.5-3 W/cm2 (C), High intensity 3-10 W/cm2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the transmittance coefficient of a sound wave?

<p>r = rac{I_{oil}}{I_{тус}} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically associated with the detection of medical sound waves?

<p>Magnetoencephalography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sound intensity level corresponds to a person with healthy ears at 1KHz?

<p>I_{0} = 10^{-12} Вт/м^{2} - I_{max} = 12Вт/м^{2} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a possible outcome of cavitation when ultrasound is applied to tissues?

<p>Formation of gas bubbles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula accurately determines the loudness of a sound?

<p>E_{ heta} = k imes log rac{I}{I_{0}} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a plausible formula for transmittance?

<p>r = I_{oil} imes I_{тус} (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression represents the loudness of sound incorrectly?

<p>E_{ u} = k imes log rac{I^{2}}{I_{0}} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes biophysics in the context of sound interactions with biological material?

<p>Study of how sound is absorbed, transmitted, and interacts with biological systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines cavitation in the context of ultrasound applications?

<p>The formation and collapse of microbubbles in a liquid due to changes in pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ultrasound intensity level is primarily associated with micro-vibrations occurring at the cellular level?

<p>Low-intensity ultrasound. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of biophysics deals with the mechanics of liquid and solid motion within fluids?

<p>Fluid dynamics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ultrasounds, what method uses tapping to assess the state of internal organs?

<p>Percussion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument is specifically designed to assess hearing capabilities?

<p>Audiometer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard frequency range typically used for audio testing in hearing assessments?

<p>Below 20000 Hz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly matches ear parts with their functions?

<p>Outer ear - Ear canal and eardrum; Middle ear - Contains ossicles; Inner ear - Converts sound to nerve impulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT correctly found in the inner ear?

<p>Eardrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements accurately describe the inner ear's functionality?

<p>Transforms mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses using hair cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sound frequencies is accurate?

<p>Ultra sound is effective for medical diagnostics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression correctly represents the Weber-Fechner law?

<p>$E_ heta = k.lg(1/1_0)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of changing the structure of biomacromolecules?

<p>Damage due to structural alteration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the impact of sound on human hearing is incorrect?

<p>Sounds below 16 Hz are classified as audible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sound waves?

<p>Continuous sound is easily identified from random noise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average acoustic impedance of the human body in terms of Rayls?

<p>1,380,000 - 1,700,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what sound pressure level does sound transmit to the inner ear from the middle ear?

<p>56 dB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law is utilized when adjusting the perception of loudness and softness of sound?

<p>Weber-Fechner psychophysics (loud-quiet) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where ultrasonic waves generate tiny bubbles in a liquid?

<p>Cavitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intensity level is typically NOT associated with sound transmission to the inner ear from the middle ear?

<p>1000 dB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technique that uses percussion to analyze the sounds of organs or tissues?

<p>Percussion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unit that is 10 times smaller than a baseline unit in practical measurements?

<p>Decibel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a sound wave with an intensity of $I_{incident}$ = 8 $Wm^{−2}$ and reflected with an intensity of $I_{reflected}$ = 12 $Wm^{−2}$, what is the reflection coefficient?

<p>0.6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the intensity level of a sound wave with an intensity of 150 $Wm^{−2}$ using 10$^{-12}$ $Wm^{−2}$ as a reference level in decibels.

<p>36.12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where sound waves are reflected back from a surface?

<p>Reflection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ultrasonic frequency & penetration depth

Ultrasonic waves with higher frequencies have a shorter penetration depth.

Ultrasound intensity and depth

The intensity of ultrasound decreases as it travels deeper into the body.

Ultrasound tissue interactions

Ultrasound can interact with tissues in various ways, including causing small bubbles to form (cavitation) and generating heat.

Ultrasound effects on cells

Ultrasound can affect cells at a microscopic level, causing them to vibrate.

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Long-term effects of ultrasound

Exposure to ultrasound can lead to changes in the structure and function of tissues over prolonged periods.

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Transmittance Coefficient Formula

The transmittance coefficient (r) of a sound wave is represented by the ratio of the intensity of the transmitted sound wave (I_oil) to the intensity of the incident sound wave (I_тус).

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Healthy Ear Sound Intensity Level

Sound intensity level is a measure of how loud a sound is. The intensity level at 1kHz for a person with healthy ears is defined by the standard threshold of hearing (I_0 = 10^-12 W/m²) and the maximum allowable intensity (I_max = 12 W/m²).

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Loudness Formula

Loudness, or the subjective perception of sound intensity, is measured in phons (E_φ). It's calculated from the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the sound intensity (I) to the reference intensity (I_0).

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Sound intensity

The intensity of a sound wave is the amount of energy it carries per unit area per unit time. It is represented by the letter 'I' and its unit is watt per square meter (W/m²).

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Reference intensity

The reference intensity (I_0) is a standard value used to compare the intensities of different sounds. It is defined as 10^-12 W/m², which corresponds to the threshold of hearing for humans.

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How to choose the ultrasound method?

Choosing the appropriate ultrasound method depends on the specific area of the body being examined and the purpose of the ultrasound. This involves selecting the best technique for visualizing the anatomy and assessing its function.

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Factors affecting ultrasound's biological action

The power, frequency, and duration of ultrasound exposure all influence its effects on biological tissues. Higher power and longer exposure can lead to more significant effects.

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Uses of Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a versatile tool with diverse medical applications. These include pain relief, breaking down kidney stones, and increasing blood flow.

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Effect of ultrasound

High-intensity ultrasound can generate heat and cause tissue disruption, while low-intensity ultrasound primarily acts by stimulating cellular activity and promoting healing. Both intensities can be used for therapeutic purposes.

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Ultrasound imaging

Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues. It is widely used in medicine for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment.

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Human ear's best audio frequency range

The range of audio frequencies where human ears are most sensitive, allowing us to perceive sounds with the greatest clarity and intensity.

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Human ear's audible frequency range

The range of frequencies our ears can detect, from low-pitched sounds to high-pitched sounds.

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Music

Sounds organized in a structured musical way, often with patterns and rhythms.

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Noise

Unorganized, irregular, or unpleasant sounds that can be disruptive or harmful.

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Sound Attenuation

The decrease in intensity as sound travels through a medium.

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Biophysics of sound

The study of how sound interacts with biological materials, including its absorption, transmission, and reflection.

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Cavitation

The creation of tiny bubbles in a liquid, often caused by ultrasound waves.

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Low-intensity ultrasound effects

Ultrasound at low intensity can cause tiny vibrations within cells.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is the study of physical principles applied to biological systems.

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Biomechanics

The study of the mechanics of fluids, such as blood flow in the circulatory system.

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What instrument is used to test hearing?

An audiometer is a specialized device used to test hearing by measuring the ability to hear sounds at different frequencies and intensities.

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What is the frequency range for audio testing?

Audio testing typically covers a frequency range from below 20 Hz to above 20,000 Hz, encompassing the full spectrum of sound audible to humans.

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What is the function of the outer ear?

The outer ear, composed of the ear canal and eardrum, acts as a funnel, collecting sound waves and directing them to the middle ear.

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What is the function of the middle ear?

The middle ear consists of three tiny bones - the malleus, incus, and stapes - that transmit sound vibrations across the air-filled space.

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What is the function of the inner ear?

The inner ear houses the cochlea, responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain for interpretation.

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Medical sound wave methods

The use of sound waves in medical procedures, such as listening to heartbeats (auscultation) or tapping on the body (percussion) to assess sounds.

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Ultrasound power intensity

The range of power applied in medical ultrasound, categorized into low, medium, and high intensities. Each level has different effects and applications.

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What is ultrasound?

A technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures.

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What is a stethoscope?

A device that uses sound waves to listen to the heart and lungs.

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Infrasound

Sound waves with frequencies below the human hearing range (less than 16 Hz). These waves are too low for us to hear.

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Ultrasound

Sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range (greater than 20,000 Hz). These waves are too high for us to hear.

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Weber-Fechner Law

This law describes the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and the perceived magnitude of the sensation. It states that the perceived change in sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the change in stimulus intensity.

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Human Hearing Range (Best)

The range of frequencies that are most audible to human ears, typically between 2500-3000 Hz. This is where we hear best.

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What is percussion?

A technique that uses tapping (percussion) to listen to the sounds produced by internal organs and tissues, allowing for diagnosis.

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What is a deci unit?

A unit of measurement equal to one-tenth (1/10) of the base unit, often used in metric systems.

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What is reflection coefficient?

The ratio of reflected sound intensity (I_reflected) to incident sound intensity (I_incident). It tells us what percentage of the sound wave is reflected back.

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What is sound intensity level?

The measure of sound loudness, calculated using the logarithm of the sound intensity compared to a reference level (usually the threshold of human hearing).

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What is ultrasound imaging?

A non-invasive medical technique using sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues, used for diagnosis and treatment.

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What is the average acoustic impedance of the human body?

The average acoustic impedance of the human body is a measure of how much resistance sound waves encounter as they travel through it. It typically falls within the range of 1,380,000 to 1,700,000 rayls.

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At what level does the sound pressure transmit to the inner ear from the middle ear?

The middle ear efficiently transfers sound energy to the inner ear. This is achieved by a pressure amplification mechanism, resulting in around a 28 dB increase in sound pressure level.

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Which law describes the relationship between perceived loudness and actual sound intensity?

The Weber-Fechner law describes our perception of sound loudness. It states that our sensation of sound intensity increases proportionally to the logarithm of the actual physical intensity. This means that we perceive large changes in intensity more subtly when the sound is already loud.

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What is cavitation in the context of ultrasound waves?

Cavitation is the formation of tiny bubbles (voids) in a liquid when subjected to ultrasound. These bubbles can collapse violently, generating heat and pressure which can be used for various medical applications.

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What is the range of sound intensity levels that the human ear can detect?

The human ear is a complex organ that can detect a wide range of sound frequencies. The threshold of hearing refers to the softest sound that a human can hear, often considered to be 0 dB. The maximum sound intensity that the human ear can tolerate without pain is around 120 dB.

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