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Questions and Answers
Atherosclerosis or previous rheumatic fever may lead to scarring, calcification, and thickening of the valve ______.
Atherosclerosis or previous rheumatic fever may lead to scarring, calcification, and thickening of the valve ______.
leaflets
Echocardiography has been used to diagnose congenital lesions of the heart in fetus, neonates, and young ______.
Echocardiography has been used to diagnose congenital lesions of the heart in fetus, neonates, and young ______.
children
Doppler ultrasound may be used for ______ assessment.
Doppler ultrasound may be used for ______ assessment.
vascular
A full ______ helps to push the small bowel superiorly out of the pelvic cavity.
A full ______ helps to push the small bowel superiorly out of the pelvic cavity.
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High frequency ______ with improved resolution allow sonographers to accumulate several images per second.
High frequency ______ with improved resolution allow sonographers to accumulate several images per second.
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Diagnostic ultrasound is generally accepted as a ______ modality in clinical medicine.
Diagnostic ultrasound is generally accepted as a ______ modality in clinical medicine.
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Vascular flow studies can detect abnormal flow within an artery or blood ______.
Vascular flow studies can detect abnormal flow within an artery or blood ______.
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The disadvantages of diagnostic ultrasound include limited contrast ______.
The disadvantages of diagnostic ultrasound include limited contrast ______.
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Ultrasound rapidly progressed through the 1960s from simple 'A-mode' scans to 'B-mode' applications using analog ______.
Ultrasound rapidly progressed through the 1960s from simple 'A-mode' scans to 'B-mode' applications using analog ______.
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Advances in data acquisition and processing led to electronic transducer ______, digital electronics, and real-time image display.
Advances in data acquisition and processing led to electronic transducer ______, digital electronics, and real-time image display.
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Significant deleterious bioeffects on either patients or operators of diagnostic ultrasound imaging procedures have not been reported in the ______.
Significant deleterious bioeffects on either patients or operators of diagnostic ultrasound imaging procedures have not been reported in the ______.
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In diagnostic ultrasound, high-frequency sound waves are transmitted into the tissues by a ______.
In diagnostic ultrasound, high-frequency sound waves are transmitted into the tissues by a ______.
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Despite the lack of evidence that any harm can be caused by diagnostic intensities of ultrasound, it is prudent to consider issues of benefit versus ______ when performing an ultrasound exam.
Despite the lack of evidence that any harm can be caused by diagnostic intensities of ultrasound, it is prudent to consider issues of benefit versus ______ when performing an ultrasound exam.
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Ultrasound has the advantage of providing dynamic real-time ______ of the tissues as they move.
Ultrasound has the advantage of providing dynamic real-time ______ of the tissues as they move.
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The development of _______ was the precursor to medical ultrasound.
The development of _______ was the precursor to medical ultrasound.
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Ultrasound is used to assess soft-tissue injury, such as tendon, ligament, or ______ pathology.
Ultrasound is used to assess soft-tissue injury, such as tendon, ligament, or ______ pathology.
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The upper abdominal ultrasound examination generally includes a survey of the abdominal cavity from the diaphragm to the level of the ______.
The upper abdominal ultrasound examination generally includes a survey of the abdominal cavity from the diaphragm to the level of the ______.
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Dr. Karl Theodore Dussik used transducers on opposite sides of the head to measure ultrasound _______ profile.
Dr. Karl Theodore Dussik used transducers on opposite sides of the head to measure ultrasound _______ profile.
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In the late 1940s, Douglas Howry developed the first ultrasound _______, using a cattle watering tank.
In the late 1940s, Douglas Howry developed the first ultrasound _______, using a cattle watering tank.
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Hertz and Edler developed _______ techniques in 1954.
Hertz and Edler developed _______ techniques in 1954.
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Tom Brown and Ian Donald built an early obstetric _______ scanner in 1957.
Tom Brown and Ian Donald built an early obstetric _______ scanner in 1957.
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Ultrasound waves are returned to the transducer from tissue interfaces of different acoustic _______.
Ultrasound waves are returned to the transducer from tissue interfaces of different acoustic _______.
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Initial clinical applications of ultrasound monitored changes in the ________ of pulses through the brain.
Initial clinical applications of ultrasound monitored changes in the ________ of pulses through the brain.
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John Wild was a diagnostician interested in tissue _______.
John Wild was a diagnostician interested in tissue _______.
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Study Notes
Historical Development of Ultrasound
- Ultrasound technology started with sonar, used during World War II for submarine detection.
- In 1947, Dr. Karl Theodore Dussick developed techniques using ultrasound to detect brain tumors and intracranial hematomas.
- Early 1950s, research into ultrasound use in medicine continued through-transmission techniques and computer analysis but was discontinued due to complexity.
- Doctors Howry, Wild, and Ludwig made independent discoveries showing ultrasound reflecting off tissue interfaces, prompting research to convert sonar technology into a clinical diagnostic tool.
- In 1948, Howry created the first ultrasound scanner using a cattle watering tank and transducer carriage system.
- 1954: Hertz and Edler developed echocardiographic techniques in Sweden, enabling distinction between normal and thickened heart valves.
- 1957: Tom Brown and others built an early obstetric contact-compound scanner.
Diagnostic Ultrasound
- Modern diagnostic ultrasound uses high-frequency transducers allowing for high resolution and up to 30 frames per second.
- Diagnostic ultrasound is generally considered safe and non-harmful.
- Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal body structures and functions.
- The imaging process involves sending sound waves into the body and measuring the echoes that bounce back from different tissues and organs. The time it takes for the echoes to return and their intensity help visualize internal structures like organs, blood flow, and other tissues.
Importance of Ultrasound in Diagnosis
- Ultrasound provides highly detailed real-time images of tissues.
- Ultrasound helps in visualizing the movement of tissues and localizing tenderness or masses.
- Used to assess injuries to soft tissues like tendons, ligaments, muscles, or soft tissue masses (i.e., tumors, ganglia, cysts, and inflamed bursae).
- It aids in the visualization of congenital hip dislocation, and dynamic imaging of muscle, inflammation, and effusion.
Ultrasound Applications
- Abdomen and Retroperitoneum: Images of texture, structures, blood flow, and more within the liver, biliary system, pancreas, spleen, and kidney areas of the abdomen.
- Superficial Structures: Examination of the thyroid, breast, scrotum, and penis using high frequency transducers.
- Neonatal Neurosonography: Assessing premature infants for intracranial hemorrhages, infections, or other abnormalities.
- Gynecological: Exam of the female pelvis, including visualizing the bladder, uterus, cervix, vagina, ovaries, muscles.
- Obstetric: Used to diagnose pregnancy during the first trimester (earlier at 4 weeks). It can visualize the gestational sac, embryo, yolk sac, and chorion at this early stage.
- Vascular: Visualization of peripheral vessels like the common femoral artery and vein; looking for thrombus or absence of blood flow within a vessel.
- Cardiovascular: Real-time echocardiography of fetal, neonatal, and adult hearts for diagnoses of various heart conditions, including valve abnormalities and tissue destruction.
Biological Effects of Ultrasound
- Ultrasound, at high intensity, can cause thermal and mechanical effects.
- Heat effects are dependent on how quickly the heat is removed.
- Mechanical effects cause cavitation (bubble formation) dependent on negative pressures (rarefaction).
- The mechanical index (MI) and Thermal Index (TI) are used to estimate likelihood of cavitation and rate of temperature rises, respectively to ensure safe usage.
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Description
This quiz covers essential topics related to ultrasound technology and its application in cardiac imaging. It includes questions on echocardiography, Doppler ultrasound, and advancements in ultrasound techniques. Test your knowledge on how these technologies are used in diagnosing heart conditions and assessing vascular flow.
