Ultimate Knowledge Challenge

The principle of a hammer mill is to crush materials by the collision between the high-speed hammer and materials. It consists of a central shaft with a number of hammers fixed onto the main rotor. The hammer mill is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food processing industries for size reduction and grinding of various materials.

Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug is enclosed in a hard or soft soluble container. Advantages: mask unpleasant taste and odor, easy to swallow. Disadvantages: cross-linking with certain drugs, potential for misbranding and mislabeling. Hard gelatin capsules are made from gelatin and contain dry or granular substances, while soft gelatin capsules have a gelatin shell that is plasticized by the addition of glycerin or polyols.

An emulsion is a dispersion of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an emulsifier. Dry powder for reconstitution is manufactured by spray drying or freeze-drying a liquid emulsion to obtain a powder form. It is packaged in airtight containers, labeled with relevant information, and stored in a cool, dry place to prevent moisture absorption and degradation.

Tablets are solid dosage forms containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents. The steps in film coating of tablets include preparation of coating solution, spraying on the tablets, and drying the coated tablets to form a thin film for protection and aesthetic appeal.

Eye drops are sterile, aqueous solutions or suspensions intended for instillation into the eye. Various excipients used in eye drops include preservatives (e.g., benzalkonium chloride), viscosity enhancers (e.g., hydroxyethyl cellulose), and buffering agents (e.g., boric acid).