30 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for peptic ulcers?
Being left-handed
Which of the following NSAIDs (pain killers) is NOT a common cause of peptic ulcers?
Panadol
What is the most common complication of peptic ulcers?
Bleeding
Which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment for peptic ulcers?
Metformin
What is the primary cause of pilonidal sinus?
Ingrown hairs
Which of the following is a risk factor for developing peptic ulcers?
Having a family member with ulcer disease
What is the main cause of peptic ulcers?
Infection with H. pylori
Which of the following is a symptom of a severe peptic ulcer?
Trouble breathing
What is the medical term for bed sores or pressure ulcers?
Decubitus ulcers
Which of the following is a sign of bleeding from a peptic ulcer?
Melena (black tarry stool)
Where can decubitus ulcers be found, besides the buttocks, hips, and back?
Elbow and shoulder
What is the difference between a gastric ulcer and a duodenal ulcer?
Gastric ulcers are located in the stomach, while duodenal ulcers are located in the small intestine
What is the key difference between erosion and ulcer?
Erosion involves damage to superficial layers only, while ulcer affects both superficial and deeper skin layers.
What distinguishes a fissure from an ulcer?
Fissure is deep but narrow, while ulcer extends to underlying structures.
What type of ulcers can form due to continuous pressure on a specific area of the body?
Decubitus ulcers
Which term describes any damaged, inflamed, or injured area causing discomfort or pain?
Sore
What does healing usually occur without when it comes to erosion?
Scarring
Which condition involves loss of both superficial and deeper skin layers and may heal by scarring?
Ulcer
What is the most reliable way to treat a pilonidal sinus?
Surgery to remove the sinus and infected tissue
Which of the following is NOT a general complication of surgery?
Recurrence of the pilonidal sinus
What is a potential consequence of pilonidal sinus surgery?
Unsightly scarring of the skin
How long does the pilonidal sinus surgery typically take?
About 30 minutes
When can a patient typically return to work after pilonidal sinus surgery?
After 2 to 3 weeks
What can help a patient return to normal activities as soon as possible after pilonidal sinus surgery?
Regular exercise
What is the most common cause of anal fistulas?
Peri anal abscess
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of an anal fistula?
Chest pain
What is the recommended treatment for anal fistulas?
Surgery
Which age group is most susceptible to developing anal fistulas?
20-40 years old
Which of the following conditions can increase the risk of developing an anal fistula?
All of the above
What is the incidence rate of anal fistulas in women per 100,000 population?
5.6
Study Notes
Ulcers
- Decubitus ulcers, also known as bed sores, develop due to prolonged pressure on areas like buttocks, hips, and back, commonly seen in people who are in a lying position.
- Such ulcers can also be found on the back of the head, shoulder, elbow, ankle, or heel.
Peptic Ulcer
- A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum (beginning of small intestine).
- Types of peptic ulcers:
- Gastric ulcer: where the ulcer is in the stomach.
- Duodenal ulcer: where the ulcer is in the beginning of small intestine.
- Symptoms of peptic ulcer:
- Vomiting with or without blood.
- Dark blood in stool.
- Black tarry stool.
- Trouble breathing.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Change in appetite.
- Causes of peptic ulcer:
- Infection with H.Pylori.
- Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- Use of corticosteroids.
- Anticoagulants.
- Antidepressants like Paxil and Zoloft.
- Antiporosis medications like Actonel and Fosamax.
- Risk factors for peptic ulcer:
- Smoking.
- Drinking alcohol.
- Having a family history of peptic ulcer.
- Age over 70 years.
- High doses of NSAIDs.
- Being female.
- Having a personal history of ulcer disease.
- Complications of peptic ulcer:
- Bleeding.
- Perforation and peritonitis.
- Obstruction (gastric outlet obstruction) due to fibrosis.
- Diagnosis of peptic ulcer:
- Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.
- Laboratory tests for H.pylori.
- Treatment of peptic ulcer:
- Antibiotics when H.pylori test is positive.
- Proton-pump inhibitors like omeprazole.
- Histamine blockers like cimetidine and famotidine.
- Antacid for pain relief like Tums.
Fistula
- A fistula is an abnormal channel in the body, which is an abnormal connection between two parts, such as an organ or blood vessels to another structure.
- The best treatment of fistula is surgery.
- Anal fistula (Anorectal fistula) (Fistula in ano) (Perianal fistula):
- Incidence: common in men, usually developed in 12.3 cases per 100,000 men and 5.6 cases per 100,000 women.
- Age group: most seen in the age group between 20-40 years.
- Symptoms of anal fistula:
- Swelling and pain around the anal region.
- Fever and Chills.
- Feeling sick and tired.
- Soreness, redness, or itching at the anal opening.
- Drainage associated with pus at the anal opening.
- Causes of anal fistula:
- Peri anal abscess.
- Inflammatory conditions such as Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis.
- Radiation therapy.
- Anal STIs (sexually transmitted infections).
- Hidradenitis suppurativa (chronic inflammatory skin disease).
- Anus affected by tuberculosis.
- Surgical complication near the anus.
Pilonidal Sinus
- A pilonidal sinus is a problem in the natal cleft (the area between the buttocks) that can cause infection.
- Hairs can grow in the natal cleft, or loose hairs can fall and collect in the natal cleft, carrying bacteria, which can cause inflammation and infection.
- Treatment of pilonidal sinus:
- Surgery is the most dependable way to remove the pilonidal sinus and pockets of infection.
- Complications of surgery:
- General complications of any operation.
- Specific complications of this operation.
- Consequences of surgical treatment:
- Pain.
- Unsightly scarring of the skin.
- Recovery after surgery:
- Patient should be able to go home the same day.
- Patient should be able to return to work after 2 to 3 weeks.
- Regular exercise should help the patient to return to normal activities as soon as possible.
Test your knowledge on Peptic Ulcers, Pilonidal Sinuses, and Anal Fistulae. Learn about their definitions, causes, risk factors, treatments, complications, common problems, diagnosis, and prevention.
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