Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which gcc option is used to create an object file while suppressing the linking step?
Which gcc option is used to create an object file while suppressing the linking step?
- `-c` (correct)
- `-o`
- `-Wall`
- `-g`
You want to compile my_program.c into an executable named run_me with optimization level 3. Which gcc command should you use?
You want to compile my_program.c into an executable named run_me with optimization level 3. Which gcc command should you use?
- `gcc my_program.c -o run_me -O6`
- `gcc my_program.c -o run_me -O0`
- `gcc -O3 my_program.c -o run_me.exe`
- `gcc my_program.c -O3 -o run_me` (correct)
What is the primary role of the -g option when compiling a C program with gcc?
What is the primary role of the -g option when compiling a C program with gcc?
- To suppress assembly and linking steps, creating an assembly file.
- To optimize the compiled code for faster execution.
- To embed debugging information into the executable. (correct)
- To specify the C standard to be used during compilation.
Which file extension typically indicates a C language header file?
Which file extension typically indicates a C language header file?
During C program execution, after an instruction is read from memory, what happens next?
During C program execution, after an instruction is read from memory, what happens next?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the linking stage in C compiling?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the linking stage in C compiling?
What characteristic of the C programming language makes it suitable for writing operating system kernels and device drivers?
What characteristic of the C programming language makes it suitable for writing operating system kernels and device drivers?
A developer wants to use functionalities from an external library in their C program. Which step of the C compiling process is responsible for incorporating this library into the final executable?
A developer wants to use functionalities from an external library in their C program. Which step of the C compiling process is responsible for incorporating this library into the final executable?
Which of the following features of C contributes most to its status as a procedural programming language?
Which of the following features of C contributes most to its status as a procedural programming language?
Consider a C program containing the line #include <stdio.h>. During which stage of the C compiling process is this line processed?
Consider a C program containing the line #include <stdio.h>. During which stage of the C compiling process is this line processed?
Which of the following courses directly builds upon the foundational knowledge acquired in DS II, as suggested by the provided content?
Which of the following courses directly builds upon the foundational knowledge acquired in DS II, as suggested by the provided content?
A student is struggling to grasp core concepts in lectures. According to the course structure, which of the following resources would be MOST beneficial for them to review first?
A student is struggling to grasp core concepts in lectures. According to the course structure, which of the following resources would be MOST beneficial for them to review first?
What is the weight of assignments and the minimum passing grade on the final exam that a student must achieve to pass the course?
What is the weight of assignments and the minimum passing grade on the final exam that a student must achieve to pass the course?
A student is unable to submit one lab and one assignment due to illness. According to the course's evaluation policy, how will this affect their final grade?
A student is unable to submit one lab and one assignment due to illness. According to the course's evaluation policy, how will this affect their final grade?
In the context of C programming, what is the primary role of a compiler?
In the context of C programming, what is the primary role of a compiler?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the C programming language?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of the C programming language?
Why is C considered a portable language?
Why is C considered a portable language?
Who is credited with the initial creation and development of the C programming language?
Who is credited with the initial creation and development of the C programming language?
Which of the following reflects the primary shift in focus from CP164 (Data Structures I) to CP264 (Data Structures II)?
Which of the following reflects the primary shift in focus from CP164 (Data Structures I) to CP264 (Data Structures II)?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly cited reason for the continued relevance and use of the C programming language?
Which of the following is NOT a commonly cited reason for the continued relevance and use of the C programming language?
What is the most significant reason for using the C programming language in CP264 (Data Structures II)?
What is the most significant reason for using the C programming language in CP264 (Data Structures II)?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between data structures and algorithms?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between data structures and algorithms?
Suppose you are tasked with designing a data structure for a system that requires frequent insertion and deletion of elements at arbitrary positions. Which of the following would be the MOST suitable choice, considering memory efficiency and operational speed?
Suppose you are tasked with designing a data structure for a system that requires frequent insertion and deletion of elements at arbitrary positions. Which of the following would be the MOST suitable choice, considering memory efficiency and operational speed?
Imagine you are building a real-time stock trading platform where rapid access to the highest and lowest stock prices is crucial. Which data structure would be MOST appropriate for maintaining and quickly retrieving this information?
Imagine you are building a real-time stock trading platform where rapid access to the highest and lowest stock prices is crucial. Which data structure would be MOST appropriate for maintaining and quickly retrieving this information?
When would using C for implementing data structures provide a distinct advantage over higher-level languages like Python or Java?
When would using C for implementing data structures provide a distinct advantage over higher-level languages like Python or Java?
How does understanding data structures at a memory and CPU level, as emphasized in CP264, MOST directly benefit computer science and software engineering students?
How does understanding data structures at a memory and CPU level, as emphasized in CP264, MOST directly benefit computer science and software engineering students?
Flashcards
C Portability & Extensibility
C Portability & Extensibility
C can be used across different computer platforms and allows for added functionalities through libraries.
Common Applications of C
Common Applications of C
C is heavily used in operating systems, system programs, and interpreters for other languages.
C Compiling
C Compiling
The process of turning C code into an executable program.
C Pre-processing
C Pre-processing
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C Assembling
C Assembling
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gcc hello.c
gcc hello.c
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gcc -c hello.c
gcc -c hello.c
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gcc -g hello.c
gcc -g hello.c
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gcc hello.c -o hello
gcc hello.c -o hello
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gcc -On hello.c
gcc -On hello.c
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Data structures
Data structures
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Importance of Data Structures
Importance of Data Structures
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CP164: Data Structure I
CP164: Data Structure I
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CP264: Data Structures II
CP264: Data Structures II
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Why C?
Why C?
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C Features
C Features
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Why C in DS II?
Why C in DS II?
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Importance of DS II
Importance of DS II
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C Language Origin
C Language Origin
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ANSI C (C89)
ANSI C (C89)
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C99
C99
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Compiler
Compiler
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Compiled Language
Compiled Language
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C Portability
C Portability
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Memory Address Operations
Memory Address Operations
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Bitwise Operations
Bitwise Operations
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Study Notes
- CP264 is Data Structures II, taught by Dr. Hongbing Fan (HBF).
Data Structures
- Data structures define how data is represented, organized, stored, and operated on in programs and computers.
- Data structures are critical for data representation and operations in programming.
- Data structures are essential for the time and space efficiency of algorithms and programs.
CP164 vs CP264
- CP164 Data Structure I covered basic data structure concepts, abstract data types, and fundamental data structures like arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, and dictionaries.
- CP164 also covered application programming of data structures in Python.
- CP264 Data Structures II delves deeper into data structure and algorithm design, analysis, and implementation at a low memory level using the C programming language.
- CP264 will explore fundamental data structures, including arrays, linked lists, queues, stacks, trees, hash tables, heaps, and graphs.
- CP264 focuses on designing, analyzing, and implementing high-performance application-specific data structures in C.
Why C?
- C serves as a fundamental language for programming, being over 50 years old and the first standardized language.
- Many programming languages, such as C++, Java, and C#, are based on C.
- Interpreters for languages like Python, PHP, and JavaScript are written in C.
- C is used for operating systems like Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS, iOS, and Android.
- C is suitable for high-performance applications and embedded systems programming.
- C is a high-level compiled language capable of memory address and bit-level operations.
- C is small, extensible, stable, and portable.
C in Data Structures II
- C helps in understanding data structures at the memory and CPU instruction level.
- C allows for the design and implementation of data structures at the memory level.
- C contributes to efficient data representation, storage, and processing.
- C enables the design and implementation of application-specific data structures to improve algorithm and program performance.
Course Importance
- Data Structures II (DS II) provides essential knowledge of how data structures and programs operate at the memory and CPU level.
- DS II is crucial for computer science and software engineering careers.
- DS II serves as a foundation for other CS courses, including Algorithm Design & Analysis I (CP312), Introduction to System Programming (CP367), Operating Systems (CP386), and Computer Graphics (CP411).
Course Structure and Grading
- The course includes 12 weekly lessons, serving as a textbook, with self-evaluated, non-graded quizzes.
- There are 34 lectures focusing on core concepts, principles, and practices, delivered with notes, slides, demonstrations, assignment help, and Q&A.
- There are 10 graded labs, including individual work to practice data structure programming in C, submitted through MyLS.
- There are 10 graded assignments, requiring the design and implementation of data structures to solve problems in C, submitted via MyLS.
- The course includes midterm and final exams.
- Exam subjects are lectures, lessons, and assignments and are in person and paper based.
- Labs are worth 10% of the final grade.
- Assignments are worth 30% of the final grade.
- The midterm is worth 15% of the final grade.
- The final exam is worth 45% of the final grade.
- All coursework counts, with no dropped assignments.
- A minimum grade of 50% is required on the final exam and an overall grade of 50% to pass the course.
C Programming
- Standardized first by ANSI in 1989 (ANSI C or C89).
- Revised C standard in 1999 by ISO (C99), followed by C11, C17, and C23.
- C is a high-level compiled language where source code converts into machine code.
- The Compiler converts source code into executable programs.
- C has 32 keywords, simple syntax, and program structure.
- C supports memory address operations and bitwise operations.
- Changes to C are stable because it's standardized.
- C source code can be compiled by cross-platform compilers.
- Compiled programs work with different computers.
- C is the primary programming language for procedural programming.
- Structured programs that feature program controls, blocks and subroutines
- C makes extensive use of function calls.
Applications of C
- C is used to write OS kernels, device drivers, system programs, compilers, such as Unix, Linux, Windows, and Mac OS.
- C is used for writing interpreters of other programming languages like Python, PHP, Java (JVM), and JavaScript.
- C is used in high-performance computing, graphics, browsers, GUIs, and parallel programs on multiple CPUs and GPUs.
- C influenced C++ (Bjarne Stroustrup, 1979), an extension for Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
- C influenced Java (James Gosling, 1984), is an OOP language like C++ and runs on JVM.
C Compiling
- C compiling involves four steps: Pre-processing, Compilation, Assembling, and Linking.
- Pre-processing resolves lines with pre-processor directives, which start with '#'.
- Compilation converts the C program into an assembly program.
- Assembling converts the assembly into a binary format, which is also called an object program.
- Linking combines necessary object programs to create an executable program.
- An executable program can be loaded into memory to run.
Compiling
- A C compiler compiles programs.
- MinGW (Minimalist GNU C compiler for Windows) can be used.
- MacOS uses Clang.
- To compile via command line, write gcc hello.c // use default C99 standard
- This creates: a.exe on Windows and a.out on Linux/Mac
Compiler Options
-std=c99allows the user to use C99 standards.-c (compile)suppresses compilation linking steps and generates an object file.-g (gdb)embeds diagnostic information into the object file.-o (output)names the executable program from linking instead of a.out-Ssuppresses the assembling and linking steps, which results in an assembly file (".s").-On(optimize) 0 turns optimization off, 1 is default, 2, 3, and 6 are higher levels of optimization.-Wallgives compiling warnings.-Idirectorygives the list of directories for include files.-largsearches /lib and usr/lib for library libarg.lib.-Ldirectorygives the list of directories for libraries specific by -l.
File Name Extensions
.cis for C language source code files..his for C language header files..exeis for executables (or.outfor Unix/Linux)..ois for object files..sis for assembly language source files..libis for static library of object modules (or.afor Unix/Linux)..dllis for dynamic library files (or.sofor Unix/Linux).
C Program Execution
- The executable consisting of instructions, is loaded into main memory for C program execution.
- Execution starts from the main function's first instruction, which is controlled by the program's flow.
- Reading instructions from memory to the CPU register executes a program instruction.
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