Lecture 10

Cells with the potential to develop into all cell types in the body, including sex cells and extra-embryonic structures. Found in the zygote and blastula stages.

Cells with the ability to form all cell types in the body, except for sex cells and extra-embryonic structures. Found in the blastocyst stage.

Cells capable of developing into all cell types within a specific germ layer (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Found in adult tissues like bone marrow.

Cells that can only differentiate into a single type of specialized cell. Found in adult tissues, responsible for tissue repair.

A division where one daughter cell retains the properties of the original stem cell, while the other becomes a partially differentiated precursor cell.

A division where both daughter cells either retain the properties of the original stem cell or both become partially differentiated.

A special microenvironment containing stem cells, surrounding cells, growth factors, and structural components that support stem cell function, survival, and differentiation. Commonly found in bone marrow and other tissues.

Stem cells derived from embryos at the 4-8 cell stage (morula) or the blastocyst embryonic node. Have totipotent or pluripotent potential.

Stem cells sourced from fetal tissues or extra-embryonic tissues. Have a potential between ESC and adult stem cells.

Stem cells found in various adult tissues, responsible for replacing old cells and repairing damaged tissues. Generally multipotent or unipotent.

Stem cells derived from adult tissues but have been 'reprogrammed' to gain pluripotent potential, meaning they can differentiate into various cell types. Useful for research and therapy.

A type of somatic stem cell found in bone marrow, capable of differentiating into all blood cell lineages, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.**

A type of stem cell found in various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose, and skeletal muscle, capable of differentiating into bone, cartilage, and fat cells. Important for tissue regeneration and repair.

Stem cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis, responsible for regenerating the different layers of skin. They help with skin repair and renewal.

Stem cells located in the lining of the small intestinal crypts, responsible for producing specialized cells that absorb nutrients and secrete digestive enzymes. Essential for intestinal health.

The process of growing and dividing cells in a laboratory setting to increase their number and maintain their properties.

A protein present on the surface of HSCs (Hematopoietic Stem Cells), used as a marker to identify and isolate these stem cells.

A technique used to separate and collect HSCs from peripheral blood, involving the use of antibodies and a cell separator.

A growth factor that stimulates the production and release of blood cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream, used in the preparation of HSCs.

A condition that occurs when the recipient's immune system attacks the transplanted donor cells, causing complications.

The ability of a cell to self-renew, meaning it can produce more cells like itself.

A process of culturing cells outside of the living organism, allowing for controlled study and manipulation.

HSCs are a type of stem cell found in bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate into various blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

HSCs are harvested from the bone marrow, particularly the hip bone. The process involves a biopsy needle and extraction of bone marrow mixed with blood. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and lasts about an hour.

HSCs are used in treatments for various conditions affecting the blood and immune system, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and certain genetic disorders. They are also used in bone marrow transplants to replace damaged or defective bone marrow.

Corneal limbus stem cells (CLSCs) are a type of somatic stem cell found in the eye. They are responsible for producing new corneal cells and are essential for corneal health and function.

CLSCs are used to treat corneal injuries, such as corneal dystrophy or damage caused by infection. They can be transplanted from a healthy eye to repair the damaged cornea.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of multipotent stem cell found in various tissues, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. They can differentiate into various cell types, including bone, cartilage, and fat cells.

MSCs are obtained from adipose tissue using liposuction. This involves removing adipose tissue, isolating MSCs using enzymatic digestion, centrifugation, and washing. The isolated MSCs are then cultured to multiply.

MSCs are being investigated for their potential to treat a variety of conditions, including skin burns, trophic ulcers, diabetic foot, and some musculoskeletal disorders. They are also used in tissue regeneration and repair.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are created by reprogramming somatic cells, usually skin or blood cells, into a pluripotent state. They can differentiate into any cell type in the body.

iPSCs hold promise for treating a wide range of diseases, such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries. They are also used in drug discovery and development.

Stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood, offering advantages like rapid availability and lower risk of rejection.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to divide indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cell types.

Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into all cell types, including embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all cell types except for extra-embryonic tissues.

Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific germ layer.

Unipotent stem cells can only differentiate into one specific type of cell.

Asymmetric division results in one daughter cell that retains the stem cell properties and another that becomes a partially differentiated cell.

Symmetric division results in two daughter cells that are either both stem cells or both become specialized cells.

A stem cell niche is a microenvironment that supports and regulates stem cell activity.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from embryos at the 4-8 cell stage or blastocyst embryonic node.

Fetal stem cells (FSCs) are found in various fetal tissues and extra-embryonic structures.

Somatic stem cells (SSCs) reside in adult tissues and are responsible for tissue repair and replacement.