UCLA Political Science 20 Final Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the organizational level?

no; have objectives, strategies, adopting practices, strike democracies where leaders will give in to demands

What are some ways to stop terrorism? (Select all that apply)

  • Crush groups (correct)
  • Increase media presence
  • Target leaders (correct)
  • Move towards legitimate political process (correct)

How does terrorism stop by itself?

Achieved their objectives/autonomy, group implosion, do other forms of activism

What is International Political Economy (IPE)?

<p>Study of the relationship between politics and economics; three theories = liberal, Marxist, mercantilist</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main principles of IPE - liberal?

<p>Absolute gains are possible, less regulation = best, maximize total welfare, no politics involved in economics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main perspectives of IPE - Marxist?

<p>Gains = zero-sum between classes, distribution = skewed, mode of production determines the political structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes IPE - mercantilist?

<p>Realist approach, gains = zero-sum between countries, power politics &amp; national security determine political structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant changes occurred in the history of trade during the 1850s?

<p>Britain &amp; others liberalize as a result of a change from mercantilist policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is absolute advantage?

<p>A good a nation produces more efficiently than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is comparative advantage?

<p>A good a country produces at a lower opportunity cost than other countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is opportunity cost?

<p>What a country forgoes in order to produce a particular good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a state to govern its territory free from external control?

<p>Sovereignty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Peace of Westphalia?

<p>The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hegemony?

<p>Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does decolonization refer to?

<p>The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define anarchy.

<p>Absence of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are national interests?

<p>Interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are collective action problems?

<p>Situations where members of a group would benefit by working together but each individual is better off not cooperating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mercantilism?

<p>A system by which imperial governments used military power to enrich themselves and their supporters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

<p>A 1494 agreement that divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Thirty Years' War?

<p>A series of European wars (1618-1648) that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

<p>The treaty that ended World War I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the interwar period?

<p>The period between the 1919 end of WWI and the 1939 beginning of WWII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referenced by the term 'Iron Curtain'?

<p>A political barrier that isolated Eastern Europe after WWII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the security dilemma?

<p>A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define incomplete information.

<p>A situation where actors in a strategic interaction lack information about other actors' interests or capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are commitment problems?

<p>Situations in which actors cannot achieve their goals due to an inability to make credible threats or promises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does issue indivisibility refer to?

<p>An issue that cannot be adequately divided, such as control over a territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first-strike advantage?

<p>The situation where military technology, strategies, or geography give an advantage to the state that attacks first in a war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rally effect describe?

<p>The tendency for people to become more supportive of their country's government in response to crises or wars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interest groups?

<p>Groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is democratic peace?

<p>The observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define balance of power.

<p>A political situation where no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the permanent five (P5)?

<p>The five permanent members of the UNSC: the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does peacekeeping entail?

<p>The active maintenance of a truce between nations, often by an international military force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is asymmetrical warfare?

<p>Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proxy wars?

<p>Wars instigated by a major power that does not directly become involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does provocation mean in a political context?

<p>Action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define spoiling in terms of terrorism.

<p>A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage peace between the target and moderate leadership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is outbidding in the context of terrorism?

<p>A strategy designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is comparative advantage?

<p>The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory state?

<p>A country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protectionism?

<p>The practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stolper-Samuelson theorem suggest?

<p>Protection benefits the scarce factor of production in a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ricardo-Viner model?

<p>A model emphasizing the sector in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does foreign direct investment (FDI) refer to?

<p>Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a multinational corporation.

<p>An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is portfolio investment?

<p>Investment in a foreign country via the purchase of stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sovereign lending refer to?

<p>Loans from private financial institutions in one country to sovereign governments in other countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed exchange rate?

<p>An exchange rate policy where a government maintains its currency at a specific value in relation to another currency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a floating exchange rate.

<p>An exchange rate policy allowing a currency to be traded on the open market without direct control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does appreciate mean in economics?

<p>To increase in value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does depreciate mean?

<p>To decrease in value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Less Developed Country (LDC)?

<p>A country at a relatively early stage in economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?

<p>The use of trade barriers to keep certain products out of a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does export-oriented industrialization (EOI) refer to?

<p>Policies designed to spur manufacturing for export.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is customary international law?

<p>International law that develops slowly over time as states recognize practices as appropriate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)?

<p>A set of individuals and NGOs acting in pursuit of a normative objective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define human rights.

<p>The basic rights to which all people are entitled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

<p>A document issued by the UN to promote basic human rights and freedoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the International Criminal Court?

<p>A court established by the UN for indicting and administering justice for war crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Tragedy of the Commons?

<p>A situation in which individuals use up commonly available resources, creating disaster for the community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nonexcludable goods?

<p>Goods that cannot be prevented from being consumed by others once available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define nonrival goods.

<p>Goods for which consumption by one actor does not diminish availability for others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are externalities?

<p>Economic side effects or by-products that affect uninvolved third parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does defense mean in a military context?

<p>To ward off an attack or minimize damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define prestige in international relations.

<p>Respect from others; the establishment of dominance and hegemony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is brute force?

<p>Achieving desires through the elimination of the enemy; use of violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does coercion imply in political terms?

<p>The use of threats or violence to change the behavior of other political actors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are economic threats or coercion?

<p>Tools like embargoes, sanctions, and severing trade agreements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the Gulf War and Iran/Iraq War exemplify?

<p>Brute force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deterrence?

<p>Preventing unwanted actions through threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of deterrence.

<p>Eisenhower threatening the use of nuclear weapons to defend Taiwan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compellence?

<p>Forcing another actor to take an action through threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of compellence.

<p>Taiwan Strait Crisis when Eisenhower threatened military action to protect Taiwan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is more difficult: compellence or deterrence?

<p>Compellence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does bargaining refer to?

<p>Political actors choosing outcomes that benefit themselves at the expense of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crisis bargaining?

<p>A situation where at least one actor threatens force if demands are not met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe warfare before the Napoleonic Wars.

<p>Wars fought on behalf of monarchs with mercenary soldiers and minimal concept of nationalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about warfare during the French Revolutionary Wars?

<p>Involved large national armies with a deeper connection to civilian volunteers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of warfare today?

<p>Can start with coercion and often targets civilians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does nuclear shelling suggest?

<p>Nuclear weapons cause similar damage to conventional weapons against defenseless targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the nuclear triad?

<p>Land, air, and sea nuclear capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are causes of nuclear proliferation?

<p>National security, regime legitimization, status, and coercive power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the security model suggest?

<p>International relations are anarchic; states seek deterrents due to survival concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of the security model.

<p>Stalin requesting atomic bomb technology from America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What governs the domestic model of decision-making?

<p>Leaders are influenced by domestic constituents and powerful lobbies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of the domestic model.

<p>India's weapon growth following conflict with China to boost national confidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the status model refer to?

<p>Nuclear weapons serve as symbols of modernity and great power status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the status model?

<p>France's weapon growth post-WWII to restore its great power status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of nuclear proliferation?

<p>Extended peace and stability due to heightened costs of conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are five benefits of nuclear proliferation according to Waltz?

<p>Small gains lead to little incentive to fight; states act cautiously when costs are high; nuclear states don't need to fight for security; attacked states often fight harder; certainty of strong states reduces war likelihood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the costs of nuclear proliferation?

<p>Risk of domestic instability and nuclear weapons falling into the wrong hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is terrorism?

<p>NO AGREED DEFINITION - generally includes premeditated political violence to influence an audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define suicide terrorism.

<p>Targets civilians deliberately; often involves individuals willing to die for their cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions are NOT considered terrorism?

<p>Wartime actions against military targets, self-defense, or collateral damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are current trends in terrorism?

<p>Increase in the number of attacks, mostly bombings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is terrorism used?

<p>To gain supporters or publicity from large audiences, and to coerce others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is terrorism irrational?

<p>This question invites debate; some argue it is a rational strategy for achieving political goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Political Concepts

  • Sovereignty: The ability of a state to govern its territory independently without external interference.
  • Peace of Westphalia: Treaty that concluded the Thirty Years' War in 1648, establishing principles of state sovereignty.
  • Hegemony: Dominance or leadership of one state or social group over others.

Decolonization and Anarchy

  • Decolonization: Process where colonized populations gain control over their territories.
  • Anarchy: A state characterized by the absence of a government, often leading to disorder.

National Interests and Collective Action

  • National Interests: Typically involve a state's security and power, shaping its foreign policy.
  • Collective Action Problems: Situations where individuals benefit from collective cooperation, but personal incentives dissuade participation.

Economic Systems and Treaties

  • Mercantilism: Economic policy using military power to enhance national wealth and support military capabilities.
  • Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 agreement dividing newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

Wars and Treaties

  • Thirty Years War: Series of conflicts, primarily a Catholic-Protestant struggle, culminating in the Peace of Westphalia.
  • Treaty of Versailles: Concluded WWI with punitive measures against Germany.
  • Interwar Period: 1919-1939, marked by political instability post-WWI and economic turmoil from the Great Depression.

Cold War Dynamics

  • Iron Curtain: The ideological and physical divide between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc following WWII.
  • Security Dilemma: When state defense measures make other states feel insecure, leading to arms races.

Information and Commitment Issues

  • Incomplete Information: Situations where parties lack knowledge about each other's capabilities or intentions.
  • Commitment Problems: Challenges in achieving mutual goals due to unreliable threats or promises.

War and Peace Concepts

  • Issue Indivisibility: Scenarios where certain stakes cannot be divided, potentially leading to conflicts.
  • First-Strike Advantage: Benefits accrued to a state that attacks first due to superior military position or strategy.

Sociopolitical Dynamics

  • Rally Effect: Increase in government support among citizens during national crises or conflicts.
  • Interest Groups: Organizations formed to advocate for specific interests or goals.

Democratic Theories and Power Structures

  • Democratic Peace: Observation of low incidence of war between stable, democratic states.
  • Balance of Power: Political arrangement where no single nation can dominate others.

International Institutions

  • Permanent Five (P5): The five permanent members of the UN Security Council: the US, UK, France, Russia, and China.
  • Peacekeeping: Efforts by international forces to maintain peace and security between conflicting parties.

Warfare Types

  • Asymmetrical Warfare: Conflicts between entities with unequal military capabilities.
  • Proxy Wars: Wars instigated by a major power in which it does not directly participate.

International Economics

  • Comparative Advantage: Ability of an entity to produce goods at a lower opportunity cost than others.
  • Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory: Countries will export goods that utilize their abundant production factors.

Globalization and Trade Policies

  • Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI): Strategy to develop domestic industries by limiting foreign imports.
  • Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI): Policies encouraging manufacturing aimed at international markets.
  • Customary International Law: Laws evolving from consistent state practices acknowledged as legally binding.
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights: UN document promoting fundamental human rights globally.

Nuclear Strategy and Politics

  • Nuclear Triad: Strategic capabilities involving land, air, and sea-based nuclear forces.
  • Security Model: Framework wherein states seek nuclear deterrents due to anarchic international relations.

Terrorism Dynamics

  • Terrorism: Premeditated political violence targeting civilians to achieve specific objectives.
  • Suicide Terrorism: Tactics involving self-sacrifice to inflict harm on civilians for political ends.

Study of International Political Economy (IPE)

  • IPE Theories:
    • Liberal: Emphasizes absolute gains without substantial political interference.
    • Marxist: Views economic gain as a zero-sum game between classes.
    • Mercantilist: Sees economic interaction as power-driven and politically influenced.

Trade Historical Context

  • History of Trade: Evolution from mercantilism to liberalization post-WWII, marked by various trade restrictions and globalization phases.

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Prepare for the UCLA Political Science 20 final exam with this comprehensive review. This quiz includes key terms and definitions such as sovereignty and hegemony, essential for understanding political concepts. Use these flashcards to strengthen your grasp of political science topics.

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