Ubiquitous Computing Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What term does Herbert A. Simon use to describe the phenomenon of technologies becoming less noticeable in use?

  • Visual invariants
  • Compiling (correct)
  • Horizon
  • Tacit dimension

Which philosopher discusses the concept of 'the horizon' in relation to technology?

  • Martin Heidegger (correct)
  • J.J. Gibson
  • Michael Polanyi
  • Georg Gadamer

How did the introduction of small electric motors transform workshops and factories at the turn of the century?

  • By allowing multiple machines to operate independently (correct)
  • By eliminating the need for pulleys
  • By increasing the size of machinery
  • By reducing noise levels significantly

What does the term 'tacit dimension' refer to in this context?

<p>The underlying understanding and usage of technology without conscious thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of technologies becoming less prominent in our experience?

<p>Users are freed to focus beyond the technology itself. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different scales of machines mentioned?

<p>Inch, foot, and yard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did a glance through the shop manual of a typical automobile reveal?

<p>22 motors and 25 solenoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does J.J. Gibson focus on regarding technology's invisibility?

<p>Visual invariants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tabs, pads, and boards are typically found in a room?

<p>More than 100 tabs, 10 or 20 pads, and 1 or 2 boards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transforms a workshop from operating on a single engine to incorporating many electric motors?

<p>The affordability and efficiency of electric motors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the active badge mentioned in the content?

<p>To broadcast the identity of its wearer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the interconnected tiny computers?

<p>Tabs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not needed for the integration of these tiny computers into everyday tasks?

<p>A major revolution in artificial intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pad as described in the content?

<p>A sheet of paper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the idea of hundreds of computers in a room seem intimidating?

<p>Because they are visually overwhelming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the tabs is highlighted as beneficial for users?

<p>They automate mundane tasks without awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential future development is mentioned for pads?

<p>They may be small and light like actual paper. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a qualitative difference noted between using boards and keyboards?

<p>Using boards typically involves physical movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what setting are live boards primarily being utilized?

<p>In a variety of environments including offices and homes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is NOT mentioned as a purpose of the yard-size displays?

<p>Personal gaming consoles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the implementation of live boards provide for collaboration?

<p>It enables groups at different locations to share images and create content together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation mentioned regarding board use related to body size?

<p>Board design may require adaptations based on user height. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of loading texts to a pad or tab from boards?

<p>It allows for more flexible reading and portability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of live boards aids user interaction?

<p>They provide touch-sensitive surfaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the features of the page-size pad?

<p>Four million bytes of random-access memory (A), High-speed radio link (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of the page-size pad’s compatibility?

<p>It uses standard window system software. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the smaller tab?

<p>High-resolution pen interface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What future trend does the author predict regarding computing devices in homes and offices?

<p>The prevalence of hundreds of tiny computers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern is raised about ubiquitous computing?

<p>It could be misused by various entities for harmful purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected data rate for future wireless networks based on digital cellular telephone principles?

<p>2 to 10 megabits per second (A), 250,000 bits per second (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation do current window display systems face concerning ubiquitous computing?

<p>They can only display information for one application. (C), They cannot handle multiple screens effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of wireless networks needs further development for effective operation?

<p>System integration with wired networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation in the range of most wireless network schemes?

<p>The typical range is between 50 to 100 meters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology allows for the anticipated ability to shrink and grow operating systems automatically?

<p>Digital cellular principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do current window systems like the X Window System struggle with?

<p>Facilitating applications that move across different screens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is projected to be commercially available in the future related to wireless networks?

<p>Networks capable of 250,000 bits per second per station (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental condition is mentioned in relation to Sal's observation of the weather?

<p>75 percent humidity and a 40 percent chance of afternoon showers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Sal notice in the foreview mirror that prompts her to change her route?

<p>A food shop with a telltale green sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social issue highlighted in the scenario is closely related to virtuality?

<p>Privacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Sal's office technology behave when she arrives?

<p>It prepares but does not complete the log-in until she enters her office (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the potential impact of computers in the scenario?

<p>They could enable totalitarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does Sal take to avoid traffic on her way to work?

<p>She exits early to stop for coffee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the computers in Sal's environment have in relation to people?

<p>They can sense the presence of people around them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of technology does the scenario imply can lead to privacy issues?

<p>High-speed networks linking devices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of the foreview technology noted in the scenario?

<p>It helps in locating parking spots quickly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tacit Dimension

The aspect of knowledge or understanding that cannot be articulated or explained explicitly, it's implicitly grasped.

Compiling

The unconscious process of absorbing information, like reading a street sign without consciously doing so.

Visual Invariants

The unchanging aspects of a visual scene that allow us to recognize objects and maintain stability of perception despite changes in viewpoint.

Horizon/Perspective

The mental framework, or context/viewpoint that shapes our understanding and how we see situations. It involves preconceptions and assumptions.

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Periphery

The background or implicit elements that become readily available for use once they disappear from focus.

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Electric Motors (Vanishing)

How electric motors (once prominent and central) have become so efficient that they are now largely unnoticed in how they operate machinery.

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Shafts and Pulleys

Mechanical components to transmit power between machines.

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Motive Force

The energy source that drives a machine.

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Automobile

A vehicle with a motor which illustrates the large number of motors and solenoids in a modern vehicle.

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Solenoids

Electromagnets that convert electrical signals into mechanical actions, vital in machinery.

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Live boards

Interactive large displays, similar to bulletin boards, that allow collaborative work on shared images.

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Shared use of live boards

The capability of multiple users, even at distant locations, to interact with and view the same live board simultaneously.

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Live board applications

A variety of uses beyond simple displays, including composing imagery, and acting as bulletin boards or electronic bookcases.

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Mobile Pads

Portable devices for displaying and interacting with information.

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Limitations of Glassblowing

Challenges associated with producing glassblowing, possibly linked to practical limitations within production.

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Transatlantic collaboration

Joint work using live boards between locations separated by the Atlantic Ocean.

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Bulletin Boards

Physical or digital surfaces for posting messages or notices.

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Electronic Bookcases

Live boards functioning as digital libraries, allowing users to download texts to smaller devices.

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Tabs, Pads, and Boards

Inch-scale machines that approximate active Post-it notes, foot-scale ones like paper/books/magazines, and yard-scale displays like blackboards/bulletin boards.

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Active Badge

A harbinger of inch-scale computers; a tiny computer with a microprocessor and infrared transmitter that broadcasts the wearer's identity.

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Tabs

The smallest components of embodied virtuality—interconnected computers embedded in everyday objects.

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Embodied Virtuality

The concept of computers being integrated into everyday objects and environments, making technology seamless and unobtrusive.

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Hundreds of computers per room

A goal of initially deploying the hardware of embodied virtuality; the idea of having many small computers in a typical room.

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Inch-scale computers

Small computers like pocket calculators and organizers.

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Post-it notes

Small pieces of paper used for notes.

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Bulletin boards

Yard-sized displays for posting announcements.

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Book spines

The side of a book shown when it is standing upright.

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Ubiquitous Computing

Computing that's readily available and integrated into everyday life.

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Lower-speed Transmissions

Data transfer speeds that are slower on a wireless network.

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Wireless Networks

Networks that use radio waves to connect devices.

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Digital Cellular Telephone Principles

The concepts behind wireless networks that have a similar structure to mobile phones.

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Data Rates

The speed at which digital information is transmitted in bits per second.

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Window Display Systems

Systems for showing information on computer screens.

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Wired Networks

Networks connected using physical cables.

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Transparent Link

The seamless combination of wired and wireless networks to create a single network.

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Mobile Devices

Devices that can be moved around, like laptops, smartphones, or tablets.

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Communications Protocols

Sets of rules that govern how electronic devices communicate with each other.

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Mobile Computing

Using computers and devices that are not stationary.

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Foreview Mirror

A mirror that shows a view of what's ahead, often used in vehicles to check traffic or surroundings

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Social Issues of Virtuality

Problems or concerns that arise from increased use of computer-mediated interactions and virtual environments.

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Privacy Concerns

Potential threats to personal information and freedom due to widespread computer networks tracking and potentially monitoring activity.

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Ubiquitous Computing

The concept of computers seamlessly integrated into everyday environments

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Totalitarianism

A political system characterized by absolute control by the state or a governing authority.

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Anarchy

A state of disorder and lawlessness.

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Local-area Network (LAN)

A network connecting devices within a limited geographic region, like an office.

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Ubiquitous computing

The gradual emergence of computers as the dominant mode of access to information, integrated into everyday objects.

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Embodied Virtuality

Computers integrated into everyday objects and environments, making technology seamless and unobtrusive.

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Mobile Pads

Portable devices for displaying and interacting with information, like tablets and smartphones.

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Rogue Tabs

Individual tabs, small computers, pose a privacy risk by potentially logging or saving everything around them.

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Hundreds of tiny computers

The predicted future of computers, integrated into homes and offices.

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Active badges

Small computers that track a person's presence and location using infrared.

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Pen interface

Input method using a pen to interact with a computer.

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Study Notes

Ubiquitous Computing

  • Ubiquitous computing aims to make technology disappear into the environment, making it seamless and unobtrusive.
  • This contrasts with current personal computers, which are often complex and require specialized knowledge to use.
  • The goal is for computers to become an integral part of daily life, like writing, which has become ubiquitous.
  • Virtual reality, which creates a simulated environment within a computer, is seen as opposing to ubiquitous computing.
  • Virtual reality focuses on simulating existing environments, while ubiquitous computing aims to enhance the real world.

Key Concepts

  • Disappearance: As people become familiar with a technology, their awareness of it diminishes.
  • Embodied Virtuality: Bringing computer-readable data into the physical world, rather than creating a separate virtual world within the computer.
  • Location: Being aware of where a computer is located and adapting to its environment allows for context-appropriate use.
  • Scale: Designing computers in various sizes to suit different tasks and contexts.
  • Tabs, pads, boards: Different types of computers focusing on scale and integration into the physical environment. Tabs (small), Pads (intermediate), and Boards (larger).
  • Active Badges: Small devices that identify themselves and can trigger actions based on their locations.
  • Living Computers: Computer technology is integrated into everyday objects, like light switches, ovens, and more.

Technologies

  • Computers: High-density microprocessors, flat-panel displays, and removable disks will become readily available, for example, for daily use.
  • Networks: Wired (gigabit) and wireless (cellular-based) networks for fast and ubiquitous connectivity.
  • Software: Changes are needed to adjust to the continuous changes in computer hardware with tabs, pads, and boards. Micro-kernel operating systems are a potential solution, allowing modular software updates.
  • Displays: Flat panel displays that are compact, with high resolution.

Implications

  • Privacy: Ubiquitous computing raises concerns about privacy due to comprehensive data collection.
  • Information overload: Computers will make it easier to access vastly more information, potentially leading to overload and a possible decline in the value of the computer to users.
  • Social Impact: This technology will likely impact social interaction and human relationships.
  • Accessibility: Making powerful computing accessible to all members of society.

Summary

  • Ubiquitous computing seeks to make computers disappear into everyday life, changing how technology interacts with and enhances human activity — making it more natural and less of a noticeable constraint.

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