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Questions and Answers

What is the size range of particles that are classified as colloidal?

  • 1nm - 0.5µm (correct)
  • 0.1µm - 1µm
  • 1nm - 0.1µm
  • 0.5µm - 5µm
  • Which type of colloidal dispersion is described as 'solvent-loving'?

  • Lyophobic
  • Suspensions
  • Association colloids
  • Lyophilic (correct)
  • Which method of preparation involves breaking down larger particles into colloidal size?

  • Condensation
  • Deflocculation/Dispersion (correct)
  • Peptization
  • Homogenization
  • What characterizes lyophobic colloids in terms of thermodynamic stability?

    <p>Nonspontaneous and unstable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of preparation is similar to the principle of salting-out?

    <p>Peptization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of association colloids?

    <p>They involve surfactants that accumulate to form micelles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Faraday-Tyndall Effect demonstrate in colloidal dispersions?

    <p>The ability to scatter or disperse light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Brownian motion an indication of in colloidal particles?

    <p>Constant motion of particles in the dispersion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the rate of settling in suspensions according to Stoke's Law?

    <p>Particle size, viscosity, and density difference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates emulsions from suspensions?

    <p>Emulsions include immiscible liquids dispersed as droplets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an emulsifying agent in emulsions?

    <p>To prevent coalescence and maintain droplet integrity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the irreversible separation of phases in an emulsion?

    <p>Cracking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the zeta potential indicate in a colloidal system?

    <p>The potential difference between the particle surface and surrounding medium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during a phase inversion in emulsions?

    <p>The emulsion transitions from oil-in-water to water-in-oil or vice versa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'deflocculated' refer to in the context of suspensions?

    <p>Suspensions with particles that are loosely aggregated and easily re-dispersed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in viscosity have on the rate of settling of particles in a dispersion?

    <p>It decreases the rate of settling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are coarse dispersions characterized?

    <p>The particles are larger than 0.5µm and can aggregate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the upward movement of the internal phase in an emulsion?

    <p>Creaming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the aggregation of globules in an emulsion?

    <p>Globules combine without fusing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of diffusion in colloidal systems?

    <p>The motion from high to low concentration until equilibrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Colloidal Dispersion

    A mixture where tiny particles (1nm-0.5µm) are scattered within a different substance.

    Lyophilic Colloids

    Colloids that readily disperse in a solvent, forming a stable mixture. They are 'solvent-loving'.

    Lyophobic Colloids

    Colloids that resist dispersion in a solvent and are less stable. They are 'solvent-hating'.

    Condensation Method

    A process where small particles are combined to form larger colloidal particles.

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    Deflocculation/Dispersion Method

    A process where large particles are broken down into smaller, colloidal particles.

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    Faraday-Tyndall Effect

    The scattering of light by colloidal particles, making the beam visible. The light is scattered due to the difference in refractive index between the particles and the medium.

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    Brownian Motion

    The random movement of colloidal particles in a fluid, caused by collisions with molecules of the dispersing medium.

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    Nernst Potential

    The electrical potential difference between the surface of a colloidal particle and the bulk of the solution.

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    Zeta Potential

    The electrical potential difference between the tightly-bound layers on a colloidal particle's surface and the bulk of the solution.

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    Flocculation

    The aggregation of colloidal particles to form a loosely-bound network, typically caused by a decrease in zeta potential.

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    Coarse Dispersion

    A mixture where particles are larger than 0.5µm and are not uniformly dispersed. Examples include emulsions and suspensions.

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    Stokes' Law

    A law that describes the rate of settling of particles in a liquid, based on particle size, viscosity, and density differences.

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    Suspension

    A heterogeneous mixture of solid particles dispersed in a liquid, with particle sizes greater than 0.5µm.

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    Emulsion

    A heterogeneous mixture of two or more immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed in the other in the form of droplets.

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    Emulsifying Agent

    A substance that stabilizes an emulsion by forming a film around the droplets to prevent coalescence.

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    Creaming

    The reversible separation of an emulsion into layers, where the dispersed phase rises or settles.

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    Cracking

    The irreversible separation of an emulsion into distinct phases, leading to total separation of the liquids.

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    Phase Inversion

    The change in the dispersed phase and continuous phase of an emulsion, for example, switching from oil-in-water to water-in-oil.

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    Study Notes

    Colloidal Dispersions

    • A system where particles (1nm-0.5µm) are dispersed in a different continuous phase
    • Classified as lyophilic, lyophobic, or association colloids

    Colloidal Dispersion Classes

    • Lyophilic: "solvent-loving," spontaneous, thermodynamically stable
    • Lyophobic: "solvent-hating," nonspontaneous, thermodynamically unstable
    • Association colloids: Surfactants accumulate and form micelles (colloidal particles)

    Methods of Preparation

    • Condensation: Small particles condense into colloidal particles
    • Deflocculation/Dispersion: Larger particles break down into colloidal particles (similar to salting-out)
    • Peptization: Similar to salting-out, electrolytes cause precipitation of colloids

    Properties: Optical

    • Ability to scatter or disperse light (e.g., fog)

    Properties: Kinetic

    • Brownian motion: Colloidal particles are in constant motion under a microscope
    • Diffusion: Particles move from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium

    Properties: Electrical

    • Nerst potential (electrothermodynamic potential): Difference in potential between the particle surface and the dispersion's electroneutral region
    • Zeta potential (electrokinetic potential): Difference in potential between the tightly-bound layers and the dispersion's electroneutral region (important in pharmacy, lower zeta potential leads to flocculation)

    Coarse Dispersions

    • Particles are not uniform in size
    • Undergo aggregation/clumping over time
    • Examples: emulsions, suspensions (particle size >0.5μm)

    Rate of Settling (Coarse Dispersions)

    • Stoke's Law: settling rate depends on particle size, dispersion viscosity, and density difference between dispersed and continuous phases
    • Sedimentation rate = d²g(p1 - p2)/18η
    • d = particle diameter
    • g = acceleration due to gravity
    • η = viscosity of the medium
    • p1 = density of particles
    • p2 = density of the medium

    Suspensions

    • Two-phase systems (solid material in liquid)
    • Particles must be small (<0.5mm)
    • High concentration can lead to aggregation
    • Viscosity increase slows settling rate

    Emulsions

    • Heterogeneous systems (at least two immiscible liquids)
    • Droplet diameters usually >0.1μm, and are unstable
    • Addition of emulsifying agents prevents coalescence (combining of droplets)

    Emulsifying Agents

    • Form interfacial films around droplets to prevent contact
    • Electrostatic repulsion of similarly charged particles is also important

    Stability Problems (Coarse Dispersions)

    • Phase inversions: o/w to w/o or vice-versa
    • Cracking: Total separation of two phases
    • Creaming: Upward/downward movement of internal phase
    • Sedimentation: Downward movement
    • Aggregation: Globules coming together (but not fusing)
    • Coalescence: Globules coming together and fusing.

    Suspensions (stability issues)

    • Sedimentation rate: Slow for flocculated; rapid for deflocculated
    • Settling: Flocculated form "loose cake," while deflocculated form "hard cake"

    Deflocculated vs. Flocculated

    • Deflocculated: Particles uniformly dispersed
    • Flocculated: Particles clumped together

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