30 Questions
Which enzyme is almost completely liver specific in dogs and cats?
ALT
What is the half-life of ALT in dogs?
40-60 hours
What enzyme is membrane located in the canalicular region and is induced by impaired biliary flowing medications?
ALKP
Which enzyme is more biliary specific?
GGT
What can be used to assess renal function?
Creatinine
What does a high urea level with normal creatinine suggest?
Reduced renal perfusion
What should be measured to assess hydration?
Urine specific gravity
Which enzyme is an indicator of liver damage but does not correlate to diffuseness or severity of the lesion?
AST
Which pancreatic enzyme is released into the circulation in the case of autodigestion, such as pancreatitis?
Lipase
Which enzyme shows immunological attacks in the thyroid?
TgAA
Which indicator tells us that something bad is happening to kidney cells?
Urinary Nag
Which indicator is used to measure pancreatic function and is affected by exopancreatic insufficiencies?
TLI
Which indicators are used to assess renal functionality?
Creatinine, USG, proteinuria
Which indicator is released when muscle cells are stretched, indicating cardiac enlargement and valve insufficiency?
NT-proBNP
Which enzyme is a muscle enzyme and a hepatic enzyme, making its interpretation complex?
AST
Which of the following is a likely cause of elevated glucose levels in cats?
Stress hyperglycemia
What is the most direct way to measure the physiological calcium status in an egg laying species?
Ionized calcium
Which of the following is a possible cause of hypercalcemia in horses and rabbits?
Renal failure
Which of the following is a preferred acute phase protein (APP) marker in cats?
AGP
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of hypocalcemia?
Pancreatitis with fat necrosis
What are the indicators used to assess renal functionality?
Creatinine, USG, proteinuria
What enzyme is membrane located in the canalicular region and is induced by impaired biliary flowing medications?
ALKP
Which enzyme is a muscle enzyme and a hepatic enzyme, making its interpretation complex?
AST
What is the significance of measuring enzyme levels in circulation?
Measuring enzyme levels in circulation can provide information about the presence and severity of liver or muscle damage.
What factors can lead to increased enzyme levels in circulation despite minimal hepatocyte damage?
Enzyme induction, other pathologies, drugs, or endogenous compounds can lead to increased enzyme levels in circulation despite minimal hepatocyte damage.
How can enzyme levels in circulation be used to monitor pathology progression?
The duration of enzyme presence in circulation can indicate whether pathology is likely to be detected or missed, as well as provide insights into the frequency of sampling needed to assess improvement or worsening of the condition.
What are some possible causes of hypocalcemia in cats?
Possible causes of hypocalcemia in cats include primary hyperparathyroidism, spontaneous immune-mediated hypocalcemia, e.g. feline hyperthyroidism, periparturient tetany (eclampsia), nutritional deficiency of calcium or Vitamin D (e.g. all meat diets, severe GI disease, sunlight), and pancreatitis with fat necrosis.
What are some possible causes of hypercalcemia in horses and rabbits?
Possible causes of hypercalcemia in horses and rabbits include renal failure, which could give rise to genuine hypercalcemia in horses, and egg-laying species generating high total calcium (tCa) due to an increase in protein-bound fraction (ovalbumin) but normal ionized calcium (iCa).
What are some factors that can affect the interpretation of ALT and ALKP levels in different species?
Factors that can affect the interpretation of ALT and ALKP levels in different species include the liver specificity of these enzymes, with ALT being almost completely liver-specific in dogs and cats, alternate hepatocellular enzymes (GLDH, SDH) in equidae and ruminants, and the availability of sensitive feline TSH for testing.
What are some indicators used to assess renal functionality?
Indicators used to assess renal functionality include urea, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, and urinalysis.
Test your knowledge on liver, pancreas, and thyroid damage and dysfunction with this quiz. Learn about the different enzymes and indicators of damage in these organs.
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