Typhoid Disease Biology Grade 9-12

Typhoid is a human disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi.
It affects humans only and is spread through contaminated food or water, typically by consuming feces from an infected individual.
Symptoms appear 1-3 weeks after exposure and can be mild or severe, including:
- High fever (39-40°C)
- Abdominal pain
- Sore throat/headache
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Rose-colored spots on the chest and abdomen
- Enlarged spleen and liver
Untreated typhoid lasts 4-6 weeks, with a 20% mortality rate.
Some people may carry the bacteria even after recovering, so it's essential to test their fecal samples to prevent further spread.

Typhoid is treated with antibiotics.
Antibiotic treatment is very effective, with a death rate of less than 1%.
Patients with typhoid also need proper management, including high-calorie meals and plenty of fluids to replenish lost minerals and energy.

Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium and can be treated effectively in early stages using antibiotics.
All strains of gonorrhoea are curable, but some have become more resistant to antibiotics.
Past infections can cause complications to develop more rapidly.
Ways to prevent the spread of gonorrhoea include:
- Being faithful to your sexual partner
- Using condoms
- Avoiding sexual contact if you think you may be infected and visiting a doctor
- Notifying sexual partners if you are infected so they can be examined and treated
- Not having sex until treatment is completed

Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum.
Any sexually active person can be infected, and it is most common among people between 15 and 30 years of age.
Syphilis transmission occurs:
- Typically through sexual contact
- From mother to fetus
- Not through contact with toilet seats, baths, or door knobs
Syphilis symptoms appear in stages:
- Primary: painless sores appear at the site of initial contact
- Secondary: symptoms appear around 6 weeks after the primary sore, including:
  - Rash
  - Tiredness
  - Fever
  - Sore throat
  - Headaches
  - Hoarseness
  - Loss of appetite
  - Patchy hair loss
  - Swollen glands

Be faithful to your sexual partner
Use a male or female condom
If you think you are infected, avoid sexual contact and visit your local STD clinic, hospital, or doctor
Notify all sexual contacts immediately so they can obtain examination and treatment
All pregnant women should receive at least one prenatal blood test for syphilis so they can be cured and any potential damage to their baby prevented
Do not have sex until your treatment for syphilis is completed

Chancroid is a bacterial STD more commonly seen in men than in women.
It is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.
Infection with H.ducreyi often produces painful sores, usually in the genital area.
Although it's not too serious in itself and can be cured easily using antibiotics, it is a serious problem because the ulcers caused by chancroid increase the likelihood of becoming infected with HIV/AIDS.
Control and prevention of chancroid include:
- Avoiding having sex until your chancroid is cured to prevent passing it on to others
- Using a condom if you need to have sex
- Getting tested for HIV at least once a year

STDs are infectious diseases that are spread through sexual contact.
Previously known as VD, some authorities today use the term sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to indicate that the microbes responsible for them do not always cause symptoms.
Symptoms in early stages are usually mild and mistaken for other ailments.
Can cause great harm if not treated early and can cause infertility, brain damage, and even death.
Can be cured using antibiotics if caught in time.
Can be avoided altogether with sensible sexual behavior.
STDs are a growing problem in Ethiopia, particularly among young people.

Caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Gonorrhoea germs are found in the mucus areas of the body - vagina, penis, throat, and rectum.
Any sexually active person can be infected, but most often found in younger people (ages 15-30), particularly in people who have many sex partners.
Reported more frequently from urban areas than rural areas.
Spread through sexual contact.
Having unprotected sex increases the risk of getting the infection, and the more partners you have, the higher the risk.
The infection can also be passed from mother to child during birth.

Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium, so it can be treated effectively with antibiotics.
Prevention methods include:
- Being faithful to your sexual partner
- Using a male or female condom
- Avoiding sexual contact if you think you may be infected and visiting a doctor
- Notifying sexual partners if you are infected so they can be examined and treated
- Not having sex until treatment is completed

Micro-organisms can cause disease in humans.
Examples of micro-organisms that cause disease include:
- Bacteria (e.g., Salmonella typhi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus ducreyi)
- Viruses (e.g., HIV)
- Parasites (e.g., tapeworms, Plasmodium)

Modern medicine can help eliminate many diseases.
Traditional medicines can also be beneficial for treating illnesses.
Both modern and traditional medicine should work together to improve the health of everyone in Ethiopia.