Types of Wastes and Their Impact

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of abrasion in rocks?

Chemical reactions with acids

Impact and friction (correct)

Exposure to high temperatures

Erosion by glaciers

Which process leads to the formation of stalactites and stalagmites?

Dissolution (correct)

Hydrolysis

Abrasion

Oxidation

What effect does hydrolysis have on minerals?

Generates rust-colored oxides

Produces clay minerals and alters their composition (correct)

Increases their resistance to weathering

Creates salt deposits

Which of the following is NOT a result of chemical weathering?

Erosion through physical impacts Signup and view all the answers

What distinctive feature is produced by haloclasty in coastal areas?

Honeycomb pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of oxidation in minerals?

Decomposition and rusty coloration Signup and view all the answers

What element is involved in the carbonation process of chemical weathering?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of weathering predominantly involves water and dissolved chemicals?

Chemical weathering Signup and view all the answers

What is acid mine drainage primarily responsible for in aquatic environments?

Devastating rivers and streams Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of chemical poisoning due to mishandled waste?

Increased vulnerability of children to pollutants Signup and view all the answers

How do folds in rocks occur under tectonic stress?

By twisting and bending of layers Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress occurs at convergent plate boundaries?

Compressional stress Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections can arise from exposure to waste?

Skin, blood, eye, and respiratory infections Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes intestinal infections related to waste?

Flies feeding on waste Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the dominant force is directed away from each other?

Tensional stress occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may result from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites?

Chemical burns and injuries Signup and view all the answers

What are the greenhouse gases primarily responsible for climate change released from?

Factories and automobiles Signup and view all the answers

What is leachate and why is it significant in waste management?

A liquid that contaminates groundwater and surface water Signup and view all the answers

What health risks are increased due to air pollution?

Respiratory infections and heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of waste dumping in natural areas?

Destruction of habitats and fragmentation Signup and view all the answers

Which process is accelerated when runoff of nitrate and phosphate occurs?

Eutrophication of water bodies Signup and view all the answers

What effect can chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have on the environment?

They can disrupt the ozone layer Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of algae in water bodies?

Eutrophication Signup and view all the answers

Which type of waste can lead to the spread of infections and diseases?

Infectious healthcare waste Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault is primarily associated with transform plate boundaries?

Strike-Slip Faults Signup and view all the answers

What is the major type of stress at transform plate boundaries?

Shear Stress Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates in the mantle?

Mantle Convection Signup and view all the answers

What is radiogenic heat generated from?

The decay of radioactive isotopes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heat transfer occurs through direct contact?

Conduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of transform fault allows for horizontal movement of rocks?

Dextral Signup and view all the answers

What is primordial heat?

Heat leftover from the Earth's formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of heat transfer?

Thermal Insulation Signup and view all the answers

What primary process occurs when rising magma brings heat to overlying rocks?

Partial melting Signup and view all the answers

Which tectonic setting involves rising magma in mantle convection cells and the formation of magma?

Mid-ocean ridges Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of water in subduction zones affect magma formation?

It lowers the melting point of surrounding rocks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between magma density and its ability to rise through surrounding rock?

Magma rises faster when its density is lower than that of surrounding rock. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, specifically in relation to magma?

Viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What commonly occurs when magma reaches shallower levels in the Earth's crust?

It may solidify due to increased density. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the formation of magma at mantle plumes or hot spots?

Decompression and transfer of heat from deep within the Earth Signup and view all the answers

In subduction zones, what effect does the down-thrust of the oceanic slab have on surrounding rocks?

It induces mineral instability and can lead to partial melting. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes to biological weathering?

Root Growth Signup and view all the answers

What defines the continental margin?

The submerged outer edge of the continent Signup and view all the answers

Which component of ocean basins is characterized by a slope that leads to the deep ocean floor?

Continental Slope Signup and view all the answers

Which feature covers the greatest portion of the Earth's surface?

Deep-Ocean Basins Signup and view all the answers

What effect do burrowing animals have on rocks?

They expose rocks to intense weathering. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically found on abyssal plains?

Seamounts Signup and view all the answers

What is the shelf break in the context of ocean basins?

The edge of the continental shelf Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about organic acids is true?

They help in breaking down rocks. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wastes and Their Types

Wastes are unwanted or unusable materials of no use.
The Philippines generates at least 61 billion metric tons of waste daily, with 24% being plastic.
Waste is classified into solid, liquid, and gaseous types.

Solid Wastes

Solid waste includes garbage, trash, refuse, and discarded materials in solid form.
Examples include plastics, Styrofoam, bottles, cans, paper, scrap iron, and other trash.

Liquid Wastes

Liquid waste refers to waste materials in liquid form.
Examples include domestic sewage, human waste, fats, oils, and grease (FOG), vehicle/machinery oils, fertilizers, pesticides, blood, body fluids, hospital waste, leachate, and wastewater.

Gaseous Wastes

Gaseous waste is released as gases from automobiles, factories, or the burning of fossil fuels like petroleum.
Gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons like methane, aerosols, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are included.

Sources of Wastes

Households
Commerce and Industry

Waste Classifications Based on Origin

Municipal/Urban Wastes: Household garbage, construction debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuse
Industrial Wastes: Wastes from manufacturing and processing units (chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas, sanitary, paper)
Agricultural Wastes: Wastes from farming activities (mostly biodegradable)
Fishery Wastes: Wastes from fishing activities (found in coastal and estuarine areas)
E-Wastes: electronic waste
Biomedical Wastes: Solid or liquid wastes from medical diagnoses, treatment, and research.
Radioactive Wastes: By-products of nuclear processes, or from industries not directly involved in nuclear activities (radioisotopes, chemical sludge)

Waste Classifications Based on Type

Biodegradable Waste: Waste broken down by living organisms (green waste, food waste, paper, biodegradable plastics, human waste, animal manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste).
Non-Biodegradable Waste: Waste that cannot be broken down by living organisms.
Recyclable Waste: Waste that can be reused or transformed into new products or raw materials (paper, cardboard, glass bottles, jars, rigid plastic products, metal containers).
Non-Recyclable Waste: Includes plastic wrap, aerosol cans, batteries, ceramics, mirrors, incandescent bulbs.
Hazardous Waste: Waste with hazardous properties, dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment (radioactive wastes, biohazards, residential hazardous wastes, including household cleaners, pesticides, and automotive fluids).

Impacts of Waste on the Environment and Human Health

Climate Change
Air, Land, and Water Pollution
Loss of Biodiversity and Habitat
Spread of Infections/Diseases
Chemical Poisoning

Rocks Behavior Under Stress

Rocks can deform into folds and faults.
Folds are twists and bends in rocks.
Faults are planes of detachment where rocks slip past one another.
Stress is amount of force exerted per unit area in rock.
Compressional stress: Force is towards each other and causes shortening/elongation.
Tensional stress: Force is directed apart and causes elongation/shortening.
Shear stress: Two forces directed towards each other, but not along the same axis; causes slippage.
Strain is change in shape and/or volume of rock experiencing stress.
Elastic deformation is reversible.
Plastic deformation is irreversible.
Fracture is an irreversible deformation where material breaks.
Rocks' behavior depends on temperature, confining pressure, strain rate, and composition.

Metamorphism

Metamorphism transforms existing rock (protolith) into a rock with different mineral composition and/or texture.
Occurs at extreme temperatures and pressures (above 200°C and 300 MPa).
All changes occur in the solid state (no melting involved).
Two main types: Regional and Contact Metamorphism.

Regional Metamorphism

Occurs over large areas subjected to high pressures (like mountain ranges), producing foliated metamorphic rocks (slate, schist, gneiss).
Foliation is layers caused by differential pressure.
Metamorphic grade describes temperature and pressure conditions experienced.

Contact Metamorphism

Occurs near/around igneous intrusions, producing non-foliated metamorphic rocks like hornfels, marble, quartzite, novaculite.

Magmatism

Magmatism is the formation and movement of magma below Earth’s surface.
Partial melting transforms rock fractions into liquid.
Magmatism can be triggered by decompression melting, flux melting, or heat transfer melting.
Tectonic settings include mid-ocean ridges, mantle plumes, or subduction zones.

Magma Rises/Cools

Magma's density affects its migration.
Viscosity is the magma's resistance to flow, influenced by temperature, silica content, and dissolved water.
Bowen's Reaction Series illustrates minerals' crystallizing temperatures.

Weathering

Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller fragments/decays into other substances.
Types: Physical (mechanical) and chemical.

Physical Weathering

Physical weathering breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition.
Processes include frost wedging, thermal expansion, exfoliation.

Chemical Weathering

Chemical reactions break down rocks through chemical reactions, predominantly with water and dissolved chemicals.
Processes include dissolution (rocks dissolved by rainwater), hydrolysis (water altering mineral composition), oxidation, and carbonation (mixing water with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid).

Biological Weathering

Biological organisms (plants, animals, microbes) influence weathering.
Processes include root growth, organic acids produced by living/decaying organisms, and burrowing animals.

Structure and Evolution of Ocean Basins

Ocean basins are bowl-shaped depressions with various components (coastal plain, shoreline, deep-ocean basins, continental margins).
Continental margins include the continental shelf, slope, rise.

Plate Movements

Continents are Earth's large landmasses.
Continental drift theory proposes continents were once joined and have drifted apart.
Plate tectonics describes the theory that Earth’s shell is divided into plates that glide over Earth’s mantle, explaining major landforms' creation.
Major types of plate boundaries include divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.
Plate movements are driven by forces like ridge push and slab pull.

Methods of Determining Age of Rocks

Relative Dating determines the approximate age of rock layers or events by comparing them to others, using geologic principles.
Absolute Dating determines the exact age of rocks in years, often using radiometric dating techniques involving radioactive decay and half-lives.

Stratified Rocks

Stratified rocks are horizontal sedimentary rock layers, visually distinguishable due to differing compositions.
Strata are layers; beds are larger layers, laminae are smaller layers.
Stratigraphy studies rock strata and their layering.
Principles like Steno's Laws of Stratigraphy describe sedimentary rock deposition and layering.

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Description

This quiz explores the different types of waste, including solid, liquid, and gaseous categories. Learn about the significant waste generation in the Philippines and the examples of each waste type. Test your knowledge on waste management and environmental impact.