MICROBIO MODULE 1 REVIEW QUIZ

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Questions and Answers

Which type of vaccine uses living organisms that have had their virulence reduced?

Inactivated vaccines

Live-Attenuated vaccines (correct)

RNA vaccines

Subunit vaccines

What is a common challenge associated with inactivated (killed) vaccines?

They are incapable of provoking immunity.

They may not guarantee that all organisms in the preparation are dead. (correct)

They can cause severe allergic reactions.

They require multiple booster shots.

Which type of vaccine typically lasts longer due to its method of action?

Live-Attenuated vaccines

DNA vaccines (correct)

RNA vaccines

Subunit vaccines

Which characteristic is NOT required for vaccines to be effective?

Ability to induce disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component often used in subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines?

Specific pieces of the germ, like proteins or sugars (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

They possess a cell wall composed of NAG and NAM. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is unique to eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Presence of 80S ribosomes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bacteria, which of the following correctly differentiates between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet during staining. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym RON stand for in terms of prokaryotic adaptations?

Resistance, Occupancy, Nutrition. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes fungi from bacteria and viruses?

Fungi have a complex cellular structure with a nucleus. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are viruses classified?

According to their nucleic acid type and structure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the organizational structure of parasites?

Parasites rely on a host for nutrition and reproduction. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does witnessing color on immunofluorescence indicate?

The antigen of interest is present. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which agar is specifically used for selective media to diagnose infections?

EMB agar (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the gold standard for full bacterial sequencing?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission includes examples such as droplets or aerosols?

Airborne transmission (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard precaution for preventing infections?

Isolating sick individuals (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the least effective level of disinfection?

Low-level disinfection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)?

It determines the DNA sequence of a complete bacterial genome in one run. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of antisepsis?

Alcohol wipes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using selective media in microbiological culture?

To inhibit the growth of certain bacteria while allowing others to grow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which standard precaution would be most effective against blood-borne pathogens?

Wearing gloves (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of sharps safety in healthcare settings?

To ensure safe handling and disposal of sharp instruments (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard precaution for blood-borne pathogens?

Respiratory etiquette (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical agent is primarily used in antisepsis?

Triclosan (D) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes disinfection from sterilization?

Disinfection does not eliminate bacterial spores. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sterilization techniques is accurate?

Steam under pressure is the most cost-effective and widely used method. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is critical for maintaining respiratory hygiene in clinical settings?

Proper patient placement (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of using antiseptic agents on living tissue?

Inhibition or elimination of microbes without sporicidal action (D) Signup and view all the answers

When should quaternary ammonia be used as a disinfectant?

To disinfect non-critical surfaces and equipment (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the purpose of using PPE in a clinical setting?

To ensure the personal safety of healthcare professionals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is considered a form of chemical sterilization?

Hydrogen peroxide vapors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for ingesting and killing bacteria in the innate immune system?

Neutrophils (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) in the immune response?

To recognize and process antigens for lymphocytes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is not part of the humoral immune response?

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which complement pathway is triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharides?

Alternative pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes MHC class I molecules from MHC class II molecules?

MHC class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell type acts as a key player in both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Natural Killer Cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytokines in the immune system?

Involved in cell signaling and communication (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which innate immune response feature is also a key aspect of inflammation?

Cytokine release (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the roles of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response is accurate?

T cells can directly kill infected cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 1 Review

Module 1 reviews the objectives of encountering microbes and the review of the last class.
Class objectives include defining vocabulary, identifying normal microbiota, listing examples of normal flora, understanding dysbiosis, comparing and contrasting probiotics and prebiotics, identifying tissue tropism, and learning steps for infectious disease establishment.
Review of last class includes examples of the role of normal microbiota, common source of infection, understanding dysbiosis consequences, comparing/contrasting probiotics and prebiotics, identifying tissue tropism, and learning the 6 steps for infectious disease establishment.
Common locations for microbiota include skin (groin/toe), respiratory tract (nose/oropharynx), digestive tract (mouth/large intestine), urinary tract (urethra), and genital system (vagina).
Diagnostically significant locations include blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial fluid, and deep tissues.
Review of last class includes the components of normal microbiota, like core and secondary microbiome, as well as their respective functional redundancies and taxonomic diversity.
The review covers the three domains of life, including Archaea, Eukaryota, and Bacteria.
Prokaryotes have naked DNA, are circular, usually lack introns, and have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles; Eukaryotes have DNA bound to protein, are linear, usually have introns, and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Other topics include prokaryotic and eukaryotic reproduction, ribosomes (70S vs 80S), and chromosome structure (haploid vs diploid).
Basic characteristics of pathogens, including the three domains of life and their composition, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic comparisons (including cell walls), understanding advantages and disadvantages/adaptions of being prokaryotic, and distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and acid-fast bacteria are covered.
Definitions of fungi, parasites, and viruses and their organizational structures, as well as methods for classifying viruses (morphology and replication) are also included.
Innate and adaptive immunity is differentiated, covering innate immune system components and their roles, different immune cells' roles and identification, how the innate system activates the adaptive system, and differences in lymphocytes and their roles (including how they're activated, roles of antibodies, and immunological memory).
MHC classes I and II are distinguished.
Review covers the 6 steps for infectious disease establishment and the characteristics of the different stages (incubation, prodrome, increasing symptoms, specific disease, decreasing symptoms, recovery).
Virulence factors, including resistance to complement, subverting phagocytosis, surviving inside phagocytes, and becoming intracellular. Methods of subverting the immune response(latency, immunosuppression, antigenic variation). Nutritional niche examples (oxygen, aerobes,anaerobes, facultative v. obligate, iron).
Different methods of cell death performed by microorganisms are described.
Review also covers intracellular and extracellular toxins, and examples of each, to distinguish them by where they exert their damage.
Four diagnostic tests' principles include, microscopic examination of patient samples, cultivation and identification of microorganisms, measurement of pathogen-specific immune response, and detection of pathogen-specific macromolecules.
Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV are applied to assess the performance of different diagnostic tests.
Molecular genetic approaches to studying bacteria are included, especially Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and PCR.
Prevention strategies for infectious diseases, including vaccinations, transmission types, standard precautions and PPE, sterilizing/disinfecting, and antisepsis are covered. Various kinds of infection transmission.
Different types of vaccines, including Live-Attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, Recombinant, DNA, and RNA vaccines are discussed in detail.
Vaccine characteristics, adjuvants, and the importance of vaccines are covered.
Understanding of why vaccines are necessary and how they work.

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Description

Test your knowledge on different types of vaccines and their mechanisms. This quiz covers live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and key components used in advanced vaccine technologies. Understand the challenges and characteristics crucial for vaccine effectiveness.