MICROBIO MODULE 1 REVIEW QUIZ

Module 1 Review

• Module 1 reviews the objectives of encountering microbes and the review of the last class.
• Class objectives include defining vocabulary, identifying normal microbiota, listing examples of normal flora, understanding dysbiosis, comparing and contrasting probiotics and prebiotics, identifying tissue tropism, and learning steps for infectious disease establishment.
• Review of last class includes examples of the role of normal microbiota, common source of infection, understanding dysbiosis consequences, comparing/contrasting probiotics and prebiotics, identifying tissue tropism, and learning the 6 steps for infectious disease establishment.
• Common locations for microbiota include skin (groin/toe), respiratory tract (nose/oropharynx), digestive tract (mouth/large intestine), urinary tract (urethra), and genital system (vagina).
• Diagnostically significant locations include blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial fluid, and deep tissues.
• Review of last class includes the components of normal microbiota, like core and secondary microbiome, as well as their respective functional redundancies and taxonomic diversity.
• The review covers the three domains of life, including Archaea, Eukaryota, and Bacteria.
• Prokaryotes have naked DNA, are circular, usually lack introns, and have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles; Eukaryotes have DNA bound to protein, are linear, usually have introns, and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Other topics include prokaryotic and eukaryotic reproduction, ribosomes (70S vs 80S), and chromosome structure (haploid vs diploid).
• Basic characteristics of pathogens, including the three domains of life and their composition, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic comparisons (including cell walls), understanding advantages and disadvantages/adaptions of being prokaryotic, and distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and acid-fast bacteria are covered.
• Definitions of fungi, parasites, and viruses and their organizational structures, as well as methods for classifying viruses (morphology and replication) are also included.
• Innate and adaptive immunity is differentiated, covering innate immune system components and their roles, different immune cells' roles and identification, how the innate system activates the adaptive system, and differences in lymphocytes and their roles (including how they're activated, roles of antibodies, and immunological memory).
• MHC classes I and II are distinguished.
• Review covers the 6 steps for infectious disease establishment and the characteristics of the different stages (incubation, prodrome, increasing symptoms, specific disease, decreasing symptoms, recovery).
• Virulence factors, including resistance to complement, subverting phagocytosis, surviving inside phagocytes, and becoming intracellular. Methods of subverting the immune response(latency, immunosuppression, antigenic variation). Nutritional niche examples (oxygen, aerobes,anaerobes, facultative v. obligate, iron).
• Different methods of cell death performed by microorganisms are described.
• Review also covers intracellular and extracellular toxins, and examples of each, to distinguish them by where they exert their damage.
• Four diagnostic tests' principles include, microscopic examination of patient samples, cultivation and identification of microorganisms, measurement of pathogen-specific immune response, and detection of pathogen-specific macromolecules.
• Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV are applied to assess the performance of different diagnostic tests.
• Molecular genetic approaches to studying bacteria are included, especially Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and PCR.
• Prevention strategies for infectious diseases, including vaccinations, transmission types, standard precautions and PPE, sterilizing/disinfecting, and antisepsis are covered. Various kinds of infection transmission.
• Different types of vaccines, including Live-Attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, Recombinant, DNA, and RNA vaccines are discussed in detail.
• Vaccine characteristics, adjuvants, and the importance of vaccines are covered.
• Understanding of why vaccines are necessary and how they work.