Types of Titrations in Chemistry

Types of Titrations

• Volumetric titrations measure the volume of a solution of known concentration needed to react completely with the analyte.
• Gravimetric titrations measure the mass of the reagent instead of its volume.
• Coulometric titrations use a constant direct electrical current of known magnitude that consumes the analyte.

Standard Solutions

• A standard solution is a reagent of known concentration used in titrations and other chemical analyses.

Back-Titration

• Back-titration determines the excess of a standard solution used to consume an analyte by titrating with a second standard solution.
• Back-titrations are often required when the rate of reaction between the analyte and reagent is slow or when the standard solution lacks stability.

Titration Points

• The equivalence point is when the amount of added standard reagent is equivalent to the amount of analyte.
• The end point is when a physical change occurs, indicating chemical equivalence, such as a color change with phenolphthalein.

Standards

• A primary standard is an ultrapure compound that serves as the reference material for titrations and other quantitative analyses.
• A secondary standard is a compound whose purity has been determined by chemical analysis and serves as the working standard material.

Standardization

• Standardization determines the concentration of a volumetric solution by titrating it against a primary or secondary standard or another standard solution.

Solution Concentration

• Molar concentration is the number of moles of reagent contained in one liter of solution.
• Normal concentration is the number of equivalents of reagent in one liter of solution.