Types of Synovial Joints Quiz

Kinesiology

• Kinesiology is the science that examines the movements created by any force and the forces that cause the movements within the mechanical laws and compares them with pathological conditions.

Mechanics

• Mechanics is a branch of science that examines the forces acting on objects and the movements that these forces create on the object graphically and analytically.
• It is a branch of Physics and Engineering.
• It is concerned with forces, bodies, and motion.
• The laws of mechanics apply to bodies at rest or in motion.

Biomechanics

• Biomechanics is the use of the laws of mechanics for the study of human structure/movement.

Movement and Forces

• The purposeful movements of humans result from the interaction between muscle strength and external forces.
• Movement occurs in the body when the internal forces are greater than the external forces.
• Force (F) = mass (m) x acceleration (a)
• Force (F) = Weight (W) x acceleration (a)
• Force (F) = Weight (W) x (Vs - Vo) / time (t)

Newton's Laws

• Newton's Law shows the change in moments of bodies.
• Newton's Law III (action-reaction principle): When a force is applied to an object, a reaction force equal to but opposite to the force applied on that object arises.

Anatomical Position and Axes

• Anatomical position is the position of the body when standing upright with feet together and arms at the sides.
• Axes:
  • Transvers axis: flexion and extension
  • Vertical axis: internal and external rotation
  • Sagittal axis: abduction and adduction

Planes

• Horizontal plane
• Median plane
• Sagittal plane
• Coronal (frontal) plane

Joints

• Joint Groups:
  • Articulatio Fibrosa (synarthrosis): non-moveable joints
  • Articulatio Cartilaginea (amphiarthrosis): semi-moveable joints
  • Articulatio Synovialis (diarthrosis): moveable joints
• What should be present in a synovial joint:
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsule
  • Synovial fluid
  • Ligaments
• Joint types:
  • Roller type joint: transvers axis / flexion-extension
  • Cylinder shaped joint: vertical axis / internal-external rotation
  • Elliptical shaped joint: transvers axis and sagital axis / flexion-extension and abduction adduction
  • Saddle shaped joint: transvers axis and sagital axis / flexion-extension and abduction adduction
  • Sphere shaped joint: transvers, sagital, vertical and secondary axes / flexion-extension, abduction adduction, IR-ER, circumduction

Factors Preventing Joint Faces from Moving Away

• Negative air pressure in the joint space (Vacuum effect)
• Joint capsule and joint ligaments
• Muscles and tendons surrounding the joint
• Shape of joint faces

Muscles

• Tonus: muscle tone, the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles.
• Hypertonsity: abnormally increased muscle tone
• Hypotonsity: abnormally decreased muscle tone
• Spasticity: a state of increased muscle tone resulting in stiffness and spasm
• Muscle structure:
  • Actin
  • Myosin (which makes up 50% of the total protein amount)
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
• Smooth muscles contain only myosin and actin.

Test your knowledge about different types of synovial joints and their movement axes. Identify the shapes and movement patterns associated with various joint types.