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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of capillaries in the human body?
What is the primary function of capillaries in the human body?
What is the characteristic of irregular bones?
What is the characteristic of irregular bones?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
What is an example of a legal method of performance enhancement?
What is an example of a legal method of performance enhancement?
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What is the principle of specificity in a training program?
What is the principle of specificity in a training program?
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What is an example of an acute response to training?
What is an example of an acute response to training?
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What type of synovial joint is characterized by movement in only one plane?
What type of synovial joint is characterized by movement in only one plane?
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What is an example of a chronic adaptation to training?
What is an example of a chronic adaptation to training?
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What is the primary function of tendons in the body?
What is the primary function of tendons in the body?
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What principle of training involves gradually increasing training difficulty?
What principle of training involves gradually increasing training difficulty?
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Which type of joint permits movement in two planes, but not rotation?
Which type of joint permits movement in two planes, but not rotation?
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What divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)?
What divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)?
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What is the primary function of cartilage in joints?
What is the primary function of cartilage in joints?
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What type of blood vessel carries blood back towards the heart?
What type of blood vessel carries blood back towards the heart?
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Study Notes
Synovial Joints
- Hinge Joints: allow movement in one plane, e.g. elbow joint
- Ball and Socket Joints: offer a wide range of motion in multiple directions, e.g. shoulder joint
- Pivot Joints: allow rotation around a single axis, e.g. neck joint (atlantoaxial joint)
- Condyloid Joints: permit movement in two planes, but not rotation, e.g. wrist joint
- Saddle Joints: enable movement in two planes with greater freedom than condyloid joints, e.g. thumb joint (first carpometacarpal joint)
- Gliding Joints: facilitate sliding or gliding movements between bones, e.g. carpals of the wrist
Body Planes
- Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left
- Frontal/Coronal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage
- Tendons: connect muscles to bones, transmitting muscle force to produce movement
- Ligaments: connect bones to other bones, providing stability and preventing excessive movement in joints
- Cartilage: acts as a cushion between bones, reducing friction and absorbing shock, while also providing structural support and aiding in joint movement
Blood Vessels
- Arteries: large, thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
- Veins: thinner than arteries, carrying blood back towards the heart
- Capillaries: tiny blood vessels where gas exchange occurs between cells and the cardiovascular system
Types of Bones
- Irregular Bones: irregularly shaped bones that don't fit into other categories
- Flat Bones: strong, flat plates of bone that typically provide protection
- Long Bones: longer than they are wide
- Short Bones: roughly the same width and length
- Sesamoid Bones: bones that sit fixed within a tendon
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output
- Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output, showing how heartbeats and blood pumped per beat affect total blood flow
Legal Performance Enhancements
- Methods include proper nutrition, hydration, adequate rest, strength training, altitude training, and specialized equipment, all within the rules and regulations of sports organizations
Principles of Training Programs
- Specificity: training tailored to match the demands of the sport or activity
- Frequency: how often you train per week
- Intensity: level of effort during exercise
- Time: duration of each training session
- Type: specific exercises or activities included
- Progression: gradually increasing training difficulty
- Individuality: recognizing unique responses to training
- Diminishing Returns: rate of improvement slows over time
- Variety: incorporating diverse exercises
- Maintenance: sustaining fitness gains
- Overtraining: excessive training leading to harm
- Detraining: loss of gains when training stops
Acute Responses and Chronic Adaptations to Training
Acute Responses
- Increased Heart Rate (Cardiovascular)
- Elevated Respiration Rate (Respiratory)
- Muscle Fatigue (Muscular)
- Increased Blood Flow to Muscles (Cardiovascular)
Chronic Adaptations
- Muscular Hypertrophy (Muscular)
- Improved Cardiovascular Endurance (Cardiovascular)
- Increased Lung Capacity (Respiratory)
- Enhanced Recovery (Muscular/Cardiovascular)
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of synovial joints, including hinge joints, ball and socket joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, and saddle joints. Understand the characteristics and examples of each type.
