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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is classified as a physical stressor?
Which of the following is classified as a physical stressor?
- Fatigue
- Cold (correct)
- Fear of failing an examination
- Waiting for a diagnostic test result
What is the primary function of adaptation in relation to stress?
What is the primary function of adaptation in relation to stress?
- To assist in coping with stress through physiological and psychological changes (correct)
- To completely eliminate stressors from one's life
- To promote a sedentary lifestyle
- To force a person to ignore stress messages
Which statement best describes homeostasis?
Which statement best describes homeostasis?
- A steady state that the body strives to maintain despite changes (correct)
- A permanent state that does not change
- An automatic response to psychological stress
- A process that occurs only during physical stress
In the stimulus-based model of stress, which factor directly contributes to an individual's stress levels?
In the stimulus-based model of stress, which factor directly contributes to an individual's stress levels?
Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial stressor?
Which of the following is an example of a psychosocial stressor?
How are compensatory mechanisms related to homeostasis?
How are compensatory mechanisms related to homeostasis?
What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?
What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measure?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between stress and adaptation?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between stress and adaptation?
What is the first outcome of the primary appraisal process in Lazarus's interaction theory?
What is the first outcome of the primary appraisal process in Lazarus's interaction theory?
What is the main focus of the Response Based Model of Stress?
What is the main focus of the Response Based Model of Stress?
In the secondary appraisal process, which of the following is NOT considered a coping resource?
In the secondary appraisal process, which of the following is NOT considered a coping resource?
Which of the following best describes the Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)?
Which of the following best describes the Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for interpreting stressful stimuli?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for interpreting stressful stimuli?
What is one characteristic of the Local Adaptation Syndrome?
What is one characteristic of the Local Adaptation Syndrome?
What type of anxiety is characterized by overwhelming feelings and is the most severe?
What type of anxiety is characterized by overwhelming feelings and is the most severe?
Which of the following is a strategy for effective stress management?
Which of the following is a strategy for effective stress management?
Which response is part of the Local Adaptation Syndrome and protects tissue from further damage?
Which response is part of the Local Adaptation Syndrome and protects tissue from further damage?
A significant alteration in body function leading to a reduction in capacities is defined as what?
A significant alteration in body function leading to a reduction in capacities is defined as what?
What does the Inflammatory Response primarily aim to achieve?
What does the Inflammatory Response primarily aim to achieve?
How do Lazarus and Folkman view the role of thought in managing stress?
How do Lazarus and Folkman view the role of thought in managing stress?
Which component of stress has a mediating process where individuals consciously or unconsciously react to manage their situation?
Which component of stress has a mediating process where individuals consciously or unconsciously react to manage their situation?
Which technique is effective in stress management to promote relaxation?
Which technique is effective in stress management to promote relaxation?
Which physiological system is primarily involved in the arousal response to stress?
Which physiological system is primarily involved in the arousal response to stress?
Which statement about the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is true?
Which statement about the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is true?
What is the primary characteristic of a chronic illness?
What is the primary characteristic of a chronic illness?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of the sick role?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of the sick role?
During which stage of illness does a person first believe something is wrong?
During which stage of illness does a person first believe something is wrong?
Which factor does NOT typically affect illness behavior?
Which factor does NOT typically affect illness behavior?
What experience is typically associated with the medical care contact stage of illness?
What experience is typically associated with the medical care contact stage of illness?
What is a common emotional response during the assumption of the sick role?
What is a common emotional response during the assumption of the sick role?
Which of the following describes the dependent client role stage of illness?
Which of the following describes the dependent client role stage of illness?
What type of illness is characterized by symptoms that come on suddenly and last for a short period?
What type of illness is characterized by symptoms that come on suddenly and last for a short period?
What differentiates hyperplasia from neoplasia?
What differentiates hyperplasia from neoplasia?
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
Which term describes bizarre cell growth that differs in size, shape, or arrangement?
Which term describes bizarre cell growth that differs in size, shape, or arrangement?
Which of the following statements about metaplasia is true?
Which of the following statements about metaplasia is true?
What typically causes ischemia?
What typically causes ischemia?
What is a primary effect of hypoxia on cells?
What is a primary effect of hypoxia on cells?
Which of the following indicates a reversible change due to stimulus?
Which of the following indicates a reversible change due to stimulus?
Which cellular change is recognized for enhancing resistance to stress?
Which cellular change is recognized for enhancing resistance to stress?
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Study Notes
Types of Stressors
- Physical Stressors: Include cold, heat, and chemical agents that affect the body.
- Physiologic Stressors: Encompass pain and fatigue impacting overall well-being.
- Psychosocial Stressors: Involve personal fears such as failing exams, job loss, or waiting for diagnostic test results.
Differentiating Adaptation and Homeostasis
- Adaptation: A continuous process enabling individuals to cope with stress through physiologic and psychological adjustments.
- Homeostasis: A dynamic balance maintaining stable internal conditions; disrupted by stress, necessitating compensatory responses.
Models of Stress
- Stimulus-Based Model: Focuses on life changes as stressors, with higher stress scores linked to increased illness risk (Social Readjustment Rating Scale developed by Holmes and Rahe).
- Response-Based Model: Coined by Hans Selye, emphasizes physiological responses like "Fight or Flight," manifesting in sympathetic nervous system arousal.
- Transactional Model: Developed by Lazarus & Folkman, stresses cognitive appraisal in interpreting stress, involving primary and secondary appraisal to assess threats and coping resources.
Physiological Adaptation
- Stress Interpretation: The limbic system, cerebral hemispheres, and reticular activating system are critical in processing stressful stimuli.
Psychological Adaptation
- Coping Mechanisms: Encompass cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands, differentiating between emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies.
Anxiety Levels
- Categories: Includes mild, moderate, severe, and panic levels of anxiety which influence response to stress.
Stress Management Techniques
- Promoting a healthy lifestyle and enhancing coping strategies.
- Teaching relaxation techniques to reduce stress.
- Providing education on stress management and building social support systems.
Disease and Illness Definitions
- Disease: A dysfunction in bodily operations leading to reduced capability or lifespan.
- Illness: A subjective experience reflecting decreased physical, emotional, or social function.
Types of Illness/Disease
- Acute Illness: Sudden onset and short duration, often self-limiting (e.g., common cold).
- Chronic Illness: Develops gradually and persists, characterized by cycles of remission and exacerbation.
Illness Behavior Factors
- Influenced by age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic status, religious beliefs, ethnic origin, psychological stability, personality, education, and coping strategies.
Stages of Illness (Suchman)
- Symptom Experience: Initial recognition of illness and self-treatment.
- Sick Role Assumption: Acceptance of illness and seeking confirmation from others.
- Medical Care Contact: Seeking medical assistance voluntarily or via encouragement from others.
- Dependent Client Role: Acceptance of patient status varies among individuals.
- Cellular Response: Tissue enlarges in response to increased stimuli, differentiating hyperplasia from neoplasia.
Cellular Injury
- Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen supply to cells leads to injury, typically from decreased blood supply or respiratory issues.
- Ischemia: Common cause of hypoxia, resulting from narrowed arteries or blood clots affecting blood flow.
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