Podcast
Questions and Answers
What effect does the conversion of a weak acid to its sodium salt have on aqueous solubility?
What effect does the conversion of a weak acid to its sodium salt have on aqueous solubility?
- Causes the compound to precipitate
- Has no impact on the aqueous solubility
- Increases the aqueous solubility (correct)
- Decreases the aqueous solubility
Why is chloramphenicol palmitate used in pediatric suspensions instead of chloramphenicol base?
Why is chloramphenicol palmitate used in pediatric suspensions instead of chloramphenicol base?
- To lower the cost of production
- To increase the solubility of the drug
- To mask the bitter taste of the drug (correct)
- To protect the drug from degradation in the gut
Which factor plays a role in increasing the ease of absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract?
Which factor plays a role in increasing the ease of absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract?
- Conversion to sodium salt
- Polymorphism in crystal characteristics
- Using water-miscible cosolvents (correct)
- Reduction in aqueous solubility
What effect does esterification have on the solubility of a parent drug?
What effect does esterification have on the solubility of a parent drug?
Why are cosolvents like ethanol or propylene glycol used in drug formulations?
Why are cosolvents like ethanol or propylene glycol used in drug formulations?
How does polymorphism relate to solvation in drug formulations?
How does polymorphism relate to solvation in drug formulations?
What does Henry's Law state?
What does Henry's Law state?
What does Henry's Law constant, k, represent?
What does Henry's Law constant, k, represent?
Why does more gas dissolve into the liquid at pressure P2?
Why does more gas dissolve into the liquid at pressure P2?
What happens to the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks when the bottle is opened?
What happens to the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks when the bottle is opened?
How does temperature affect the solubility of most gases?
How does temperature affect the solubility of most gases?
Why must pharmacists be careful in opening containers of gaseous solutions in warm climates?
Why must pharmacists be careful in opening containers of gaseous solutions in warm climates?
What is the classification of a solution based on the states in which the solute and solvent occur?
What is the classification of a solution based on the states in which the solute and solvent occur?
According to Henry’s Law, what is the relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas and the partial pressure of the gas above the solution?
According to Henry’s Law, what is the relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas and the partial pressure of the gas above the solution?
What does vapor pressure represent in a closed system?
What does vapor pressure represent in a closed system?
In which type of solution does a gas occur both as a solute and solvent?
In which type of solution does a gas occur both as a solute and solvent?
How is the partial pressure of a gas calculated in Henry’s Law?
How is the partial pressure of a gas calculated in Henry’s Law?
What factor does NOT affect the solubility of gases in liquids?
What factor does NOT affect the solubility of gases in liquids?
What is the purpose of immersing a vessel containing a gaseous solution in ice or cold water before opening it?
What is the purpose of immersing a vessel containing a gaseous solution in ice or cold water before opening it?
What is the phenomenon known as when gases are liberated from solutions by the introduction of an electrolyte or non-electrolyte?
What is the phenomenon known as when gases are liberated from solutions by the introduction of an electrolyte or non-electrolyte?
Which gases show deviations from Henry's law due to chemical reaction with the solvent?
Which gases show deviations from Henry's law due to chemical reaction with the solvent?
What effect does salting-out have on the solubility of gases in solution?
What effect does salting-out have on the solubility of gases in solution?
In which type of systems are the components miscible in all proportions?
In which type of systems are the components miscible in all proportions?
How does the presence of an electrolyte or non-electrolyte lead to the salting-out effect?
How does the presence of an electrolyte or non-electrolyte lead to the salting-out effect?
What is the phenomenon called when organic solutes are taken up by the aggregates of solubilizing agents?
What is the phenomenon called when organic solutes are taken up by the aggregates of solubilizing agents?
In which type of solvents can a similar phenomenon to solubilization occur when polar solutes are taken up by more polar regions in the solution?
In which type of solvents can a similar phenomenon to solubilization occur when polar solutes are taken up by more polar regions in the solution?
What is the process where the apparent solubility of a solute in a liquid is altered by the addition of a third substance that forms an intermolecular complex with the solute?
What is the process where the apparent solubility of a solute in a liquid is altered by the addition of a third substance that forms an intermolecular complex with the solute?
Which of the following is NOT a result of complex formation between a third substance and a solute?
Which of the following is NOT a result of complex formation between a third substance and a solute?
What preparation example involves complex formation for aiding in the solubility of mercuric iodide?
What preparation example involves complex formation for aiding in the solubility of mercuric iodide?
If the center of aggregates in organic solvents with dissolved solubilizing agents is more polar than the bulk solvent, what happens to the apparent solubilities of polar solutes in these regions?
If the center of aggregates in organic solvents with dissolved solubilizing agents is more polar than the bulk solvent, what happens to the apparent solubilities of polar solutes in these regions?
Study Notes
- Solubilizing agents form large aggregates or micelles in solution, increasing solubility of organic solutes in water or organic solvents.
- Complex formation with a third substance can increase or decrease the apparent solubility of a solute in a liquid.
- Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
- Increased pressure increases the solubility of gases in liquids, while increased temperature decreases it.
- Gases can be liberated from solutions by salting out with electrolytes like NaCl or non-electrolytes like sucrose.
- Chemical reactions between gases and solvents may increase solubility, deviating from Henry's Law.
- The solubility of liquids in liquids depends on factors like miscibility, cosolvents, and crystal characteristics like polymorphism and solvation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of solutions based on the states of solute and solvent, including solid, liquid, and gas. Explore the nine possible types of homogeneous mixtures and understand the variations in pharmaceutical solutions.
