Types of Sentences

Types of Sentences

• Sentences are classified and defined based on different criteria
• Includes the speaker's intention, grammatical structure, and the nature of the predicate

According to the Speaker's Intention

• Sentences can be: Enunciativas, Interrogativas, Exclamativas, and Imperativas
• Enunciativas: Express information objectively and can be affirmative or negative

Affirmative Enunciativas

• Express facts in a positive manner
• Examples: "The sun shines in the sky," "Pedro studies every night," and "Today is a very hot day"

Negative Enunciativas

• Negate a fact or situation
• Examples: "I don't want to go out today," "I have never visited Paris," and "This car doesn't work."

Interrogativas

• Formulate questions
• Can be direct or indirect

Direct Interrogativas

• Pose questions in an explicit manner with question marks
• Examples: "Where were you last night?", "Will you come to the party?", and "How much does this shirt cost?"

Indirect Interrogativas

• Express a question within another statement, without question marks
• Examples: "I wonder where you were," "I'd like to know if you're coming," and "I don't know how much that shirt costs."

Exclamativas

• Express emotion, surprise, or admiration
• Examples: "What a beautiful day!", "I can't believe it!", and "I got an A on the exam!"

Imperativas

• Express orders, mandates, requests, or advice
• Can be affirmative or negative

Affirmative Imperativas

• Indicate an action to be carried out
• Examples: "Close the door, please," "Come here immediately," and "Study for the exam."

Negative Imperativas

• Indicate prohibitions or warnings
• Examples: "Don't speak so loudly," "Don't touch that button," and "Don't be late."

According to Grammatical Structure

• Sentences can be: Simples or Compuestas

Simples

• Have only one conjugated verb and express a complete idea
• Examples: "Juan studies for the exam," "The dog sleeps on the sofa," and "I bought a new book."

Compuestas

• Have two or more conjugated verbs and can be coordinated or subordinated

Coordinadas

• Independent sentences connected by conjunctions
• Can be copulativas, adversativas, disyuntivas, or explicativas

Copulativas

• Indicate addition or sum, using conjunctions like "y," "e," "ni"
• Examples: "Maria studies and Pedro works," "He didn't speak nor explain anything," and "Walk and then rest."

Adversativas

• Express contrast, using conjunctions like "pero," "sin embargo," "aunque"
• Examples: "I don't like coffee, but I drink it," "We arrived early; however, the meeting had already started," and "He was tired, although he continued working."

Disyuntivas

• Present options, using conjunctions like "o," "u"
• Examples: "You can study or go out to play," "Do you prefer to be quiet or talk?", and "Either you come in now, or you stay without entry."

Explicativas

• One sentence explains the other, using expressions like "es decir," "o sea"
• Examples: "Pedro is bilingual, that is, he speaks two languages," "He is sick, that is, he cannot come," and "The sky is cloudy, that is, it will rain."

Subordinadas

• One sentence depends on the other for its meaning and can be sustantivas, adjetivas, or adverbiales

Sustantivas

• Function as a noun
• Examples: "I'm glad you passed," "I don't know if he/she will come today," and "I want you to tell me the truth."

Adjetivas

• Function as an adjective
• Examples: "The book you lent me is interesting," "The girl you saw yesterday is my cousin," and "I'm looking for a house that has a garden."

Adverbiales

• Function as an adverb
• Examples: "I will call you when class is over," "He did the work as they indicated," and "I'm staying home because it's raining."

According to the Nature of the Predicate

• Sentences can be: Copulativas or Predicativas

Copulativas

• Use verbs such as "ser," "estar," or "parecer" to relate the subject to a quality
• Examples: "The house is big," "My brother is tired," and "The exam seems difficult."

Predicativas

• The verb expresses an action

Sentences Can Be Divided By State

• Sentences divided by state can be: Transitivas, Intransitivas, Reflexivas, Reciprocas

Transitivas

• Require a direct object

Intransitivas

• Do not require a direct object

Reflexivas

• The subject performs and receives the action

Reciprocas

• Two or more subjects perform the action mutually

According to the Voice of the Verb

• Sentences can be: Activas or Pasivas

Activas

• The subject performs the action
• Examples: "The chef prepared dinner," "The children played in the park," and "The teacher explained the lesson."

Pasivas

• The subject receives the action of the verb
• Examples: "Dinner was prepared by the chef," "The park was cleaned by the volunteers," and "The lesson was explained in detail."

According to the Presence of the Subject

• Sentences can be: Personales or Impersonales

Personales

• Have an explicit subject
• Examples: "Maria sings in the choir," "The dog barks loudly," and "We travel tomorrow."

Impersonales

• Do not have a defined subject and can be related to meteorological phenomena

Meteorological Impersonales

• Examples: "It rains a lot in winter," "It's hot in summer," and "It's been thundering since dawn."

Impersonales With "Se"

• Examples: "It is said that he will come soon," "Urgent personnel are needed," and "One lives well in this city."

Impersonales With Third Person Singular

• Examples: "It's cold in the mountains," "It was enough to ask," and "There is a lot of noise in the street."