Types of Sentences: Structure and Function

A clause sentence has both a subject and a verb and must have a complete thought.
There are two types of sentences according to function:
- Declarative sentence: makes a statement and ends with a period.
- Imperative sentence: requests or commands and ends with a period or exclamation point.
- Interrogative sentence: asks questions and ends with a question mark.
- Exclamatory sentence: indicates a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point.
There are four types of sentences according to structure:
- Simple sentence: has one independent clause only.
- Compound sentence: has two independent clauses only, connected by coordinators or a semicolon.
- Complex sentence: has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Compound-complex sentence: has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

A clause is a group of words with a subject and verb, and can have a complete or incomplete idea.
There are two types of clauses:
- Independent clause: has a subject and verb, and can stand alone.
- Dependent clause: is a subordination clause, introduced by subordinators, and cannot stand alone.
Subordination conjunctions:
- After, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, where, wherever, whether, which, while.

Anthropology is the study of humankind in all times and all places.
Fields of anthropology:
- Cultural anthropology: the study of living people and their cultures.
- Linguistic anthropology: the study of language.
- Archaeology: the study of past cultures.
- Biological anthropology: the study of human evolution and biological characteristics.
Anthropology is concerned with the study of human origin, globalization, social change, and world history.

Sociology is the study of human social behavior, relationships, and institutions.
The Latin word “socius” means associate, and the Greek word “logos” means study of knowledge.
Branches of sociology:
- Social organization: the study of institutions such as family and schools.
- Population studies: the study of census data.
- Applied sociology: the application of sociological principles to solve social problems.
- Social change: the study of social movements and social revolutions.
- Human ecology: the study of the relationship between humans and their environment.
- Social psychology: the study of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Political science is the study of government and politics.
The Greek word “polis” means city or state.
The study of politics involves the study of power and how it is gained, used, and lost.
Functions of political institutions:
- Enact laws, ordinances, and rules.
- Levy and regulate taxes.
- Support education programs.
- Plan the economy.
- Administer justice.
- Promote physical, economic, social, and cultural well-being of the people.

Unilineal evolutionism: the idea that new cultural forms emerge from the past.
Cultural diffusionism: the study of how cultures merge and spread.
Historical particularism: the study of unique cultures influenced by their history, geography, and environment.
Anthropological functionalism: the study of cultures as interrelated wholes.
Anthropological structuralism: the study of how humans organize and structure their experiences.
Cultural materialism: the study of how culture is influenced by technology, resources, economic values, and the utilization of things.

Functionalism: the view of society as an organized network of cooperating groups.
Conflict perspective: the view of society as a continuous competition for power.
Symbolic interactionism: the study of how we ascribe meaning to things.
Evolutionism: the study of how human groups came to exist, grow, and develop.

Society: a group of people organized in a cooperative manner, occupying the same territory.
Culture: the unique character of every human society, or the imprint made by people.
Aspects of culture:
- Artifacts: objects made by human beings.
- Arts and recreation: arts, music, drama, and literature.
- Clothes: the people usually wear in the community.
- Government: the one that implements rules.
- Religion: a strong belief in a supernatural power.
- Values: the morals that we live by.
- Knowledge: the psychological result of perception, learning, and reasoning.
- Tools: objects used to improve the performance of a task.
- Language: the mental faculty or power of vocal communication.
- Shelter: a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger.

Cultural relativism: the view that culture only has meaning when taken into context.
Ethnocentrism: the view that one's own culture is superior.
Xenocentrism: the view that another culture is superior.
Xenophobia: the fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange.
Enculturation: the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person.
Culture shock: the feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people experience when visiting a different place with different norms.

The main idea is the central idea or point of a text, article, or story.
The main idea can be found at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph.
Making generalizations and inferences:
- Generalization: a broad statement that applies to a group of people.
- Inference: the act or process of reaching a conclusion based on facts or evidence.
Clue words to find generalizations: all, none, most, many, always, everyone, never, sometimes, some, usually, seldom, few, generally, in general, and overall.