37 Questions
What are the two types of tumors mentioned in the text?
Malignant and Benign
What is metastasis in relation to tumors?
Cancerous cells breaking off and traveling through the vascular system
Why are cancerous tumors deep inside the brain often considered inoperable?
Getting the tumor out requires damaging a lot of brain tissue
Where do brain tumors always arise from, according to the text?
Non-neuronal cells
What is the most preventable cause of mental retardation?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Which condition involves giving the child an extra copy of chromosome 21 from one parent?
Down Syndrome
What can cause damage to the Substantia Niagra, leading to Parkinson's Disease?
Mutation of the Parkin gene
What can sitting for long periods of time lead to, increasing the risk of clot formation?
$90$-degree angles in the blood vessels
What is a blood clot that forms in the legs called?
Thrombus
What are some symptoms of stroke that involve one-sided drooping and difficulty speaking or understanding language?
Face droop, difficulty speaking, arm weakness on one side of the body
What is the appropriate treatment for hemorrhagic strokes?
Clotting drugs to stop bleeding
What does Down Syndrome result from?
Extra copy of chromosome 21 from one parent
What causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Alcohol exposure to fetus during pregnancy
What is a movement disorder caused by neuronal death in Substantia Niagra?
Parkinson's Disease
What is used to treat Parkinson's Disease by compensating for deficient secretion of dopamine?
Dopaminergic drugs
What is the main cause of Parkinson's disease?
Mutation of the Parkin gene leading to death of dopamine-producing neurons
Which treatment compensates for the deficient production of dopamine in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine agonists
What is the main function of gene replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease?
To make the sub-thalamic nucleus produce GABA instead of Glutamate
What is the main risk associated with surgical ablation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
It involves surgically-induced brain damage
What does deep-brain stimulation involve as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
Implantation of electrodes to alter functions of circuits
What is a characteristic of stem cells used in Parkinson's disease treatment?
'Pluripotent' or 'omnipotent' cells that can turn into any type of cell, including neurons
Which type of brain cells are the only ones mentioned in the text that can become cancerous?
Astrocytes
What is the primary mechanism of action of radiation therapy in killing cancer cells?
Killing cancer cells by heat
Which factor is likely to contribute to seizures according to the text?
Imbalance between glutamate and GABA
What is a characteristic feature of epilepsy according to the text?
Recurring untriggered seizures
How is BCG used in immunotherapy according to the text?
To boost the immune system and kill abnormal cells, including cancer cells
What is a recommended step in seizure first aid according to the text?
Placing the person on their side to keep airways clear
What are the two main types of seizures?
Generalized and Partial
Which type of seizure affects most or the entire brain?
Generalized Seizures
What are the phases involved in tonic-clonic seizures?
Tonic and Clonic
During absence seizures, can the person speak?
Yes, they can speak
What is status epilepticus?
Non-stop seizure with high mortality, only treatable with powerful drugs
What are the two types of strokes mentioned in the text?
Hemorrhagic and Obstructive
What causes hemorrhagic strokes?
Rupture in blood vessels due to weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
What causes obstructive strokes?
Clot blocking brain's blood vessel due to high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
What are the risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes?
Born with weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
What are the risk factors for obstructive strokes?
High blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
Study Notes
- Seizures: two main types - Generalized and Partial
- Generalized Seizures: affects most or entire brain, e.g. tonic-clonic (convulsion) seizures
- Tonic-clonic seizures: involves both tonic (muscle contraction) and clonic (jerking movements) phases
- Absence seizures: loss of consciousness but able to speak during
- Status Epilepticus: non-stop seizure, high mortality, only treatable with powerful drugs
- Strokes: accidents in brain's vasculature, two types - hemorrhagic and obstructive
- Hemorrhagic Strokes: rupture in blood vessels, cause: weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
- Diabetes: blood sugar disorder, high blood sugar damages peripheral vasculature, risk of ischemic stroke due to damage to small blood vessels
- Obstructive Strokes: clot blocks brain's blood vessel, causes: high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
- Stroke symptoms: face droop (hemiplegia), difficulty speaking, holding arms out and dropping, difficulty understanding language
- Stroke treatments: hemorrhagic strokes treated with clotting drugs, obstructive strokes with blood thinners, risk of worsening condition if treatments are mixed up
- Risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes: born with weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
- Risk factors for obstructive strokes: high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
- Stroke anatomy and symptomatology: ischemia (tissue death due to blood deprivation), thrombus (clot) formation, obstructive embolus (clot chunk traveling along vasculature), symptoms include lateralizing (hemiplegia), difficulty speaking, arm dropping.
- Stroke treatments: hemorrhagic strokes treated with clotting drugs, obstructive strokes with blood thinners, risk of worsening condition if treatments are mixed up.
Test your knowledge of different types of seizures, including general, partial, grand mal, and absence seizures. Learn about the characteristics and symptoms of each seizure type.
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