42 Questions
Which type of tumor can metastasize?
Malignant
What type of tumor is a meningioma?
Benign
Why are cancerous tumors that are deep inside the brain often considered inoperable?
They require damaging a lot of brain tissue to remove
From which type of cells do brain tumors always arise?
Glial cells
What are the two main types of seizures?
Generalized and Partial
Which type of seizure involves both tonic (muscle contraction) and clonic (jerking movements) phases?
Tonic-clonic seizures
What is the characteristic of absence seizures?
Loss of consciousness but able to speak during
What is the only treatable with powerful drugs and has a high mortality rate?
Status Epilepticus
What are the two types of strokes mentioned in the text?
Hemorrhagic and Obstructive
What causes hemorrhagic strokes?
Rupture in blood vessels, weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
What causes obstructive strokes?
Clot blocks brain's blood vessel, high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
What are the risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes?
Born with weak blood vessels, extreme angles, high blood pressure, diabetes
What are the risk factors for obstructive strokes?
High blood pressure, smoking,inactivity,sedentary lifestyle ,obesity ,diabetes
How are hemorrhagic strokes treated?
With clotting drugs
How are obstructive strokes treated?
With anticoagulants
Which condition is caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy and can result in a distinct facial profile and low IQ?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
What is the term for a clot that forms in the leg?
Thrombus
What causes Parkinson's Disease?
Neuronal death in the Substantia Nigra
Which disorder is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21?
Down Syndrome
What can obstruct blood flow, leading to ischemia and tissue death?
Blood clots
What is the main function of dopamine agonists in treating Parkinson's disease?
They compensate for the deficient production of dopamine by the substantia niagra.
What is the main concern regarding gene replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease?
It involves the use of viral vectors which can be unpredictable.
What is the primary mechanism of deep-brain stimulation in treating Parkinson's disease?
It involves implantation of electrodes to alter functions of circuits.
What is a key characteristic of Huntington's disease?
It is associated with constant movement and brain degeneration.
What is the primary role of stem cell treatment in Parkinson's disease?
To replace damaged neurons with new, healthy neurons
What is a significant concern associated with surgical ablation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
It involves irreversible damage to brain tissue
What is a key characteristic of stem cells used in treating Parkinson's disease?
They are pluripotent cells capable of turning into any cell type
What is a potential advantage of deep-brain stimulation over gene replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease?
Deep-brain stimulation directly targets dysfunctional circuits in the brain
What is a notable difference between Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease?
Huntington's Disease involves overproduction of dopamine, while Parkinson's Disease involves its deficiency
What is an important consideration regarding stem cell treatment for Parkinson's disease?
Stem cells derived from adults can be reverted into their pluripotent state and can be converted into any cell type
Which type of brain cells can become cancerous?
Glial cells
What is the primary function of chemotherapy drugs in the body?
To be taken up by more active cells
How do tumors ensure a blood supply for their growth?
By growing new blood vessels
What is the mechanism through which radiation therapy kills cancer cells?
By inducing apoptosis in cancer cells
What is the primary aim of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
$E=mc^2$
What effect does aging have on the immune system?
It weakens the immune system
Which substance is used in immunotherapy to boost the immune system and kill abnormal cells?
BCG
What causes seizures?
Imbalance between glutamate and GABA
How are seizures characterized?
Loss of consciousness and slumping over
What may cause seizures?
Brain injuries
What defines epilepsy?
Two or more untriggered seizures
How should one provide first aid for a seizure?
Clear the area and protect the person from injury
Study Notes
- Non-neuronal brain cells, including glial cells, meninges, vasculature, and the skull, are the only types of brain cells that can become cancerous.
- Cancer treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy.
- Chemotherapy drugs are taken up by more active cells, such as those in the hair, nails, skin, digestive tract, and tumors.
- Tumors are highly energy-hungry cells that can grow new blood vessels to supply themselves with more blood.
- Radiation therapy uses beams of hot gamma rays to kill cancer cells by heat.
- Immunotherapy boosts the natural immune system and teaches the body to attack cancer cells.
- Aging weakens the immune system, making it less effective at fighting pathogens and abnormal cells.
- BCG is an immune system stimulant used in immunotherapy to boost the immune system and kill abnormal cells, including cancer cells.
- Seizures are caused by an imbalance between glutamate and GABA, likely due to both too little inhibition and too much excitation.
- Seizures involve the loss of consciousness, slumping over, and convulsions, which are caused by waves of electrical impulses hitting the motor cortex.
- Seizures may be caused by external factors such as brain injuries, high fevers, and oxygen deprivation.
- Epilepsy is a recurring condition characterized by two or more untriggered seizures.
- Seizure first aid involves protecting the head, laying the person on their side, and calling 911.
- Seizure disorders are treated by reducing excitation or increasing inhibition through drugs, and some seizure drugs are also effective against bipolar disorder.
Test your knowledge of different types of seizures, including general, partial, complex partial, grand mal, and absence seizures. Learn about the characteristics and symptoms of each seizure type.
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